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Basic Human Pathology > Ch 2: Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations > Flashcards

Ch 2: Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

define etiology

A

disease origin

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2
Q

what is an immediate cause of disease

A

something that directly causes disease
ex. an infection causes pneumonia

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3
Q

what is a precipitating cause of disease

A

factor that triggers onset of disease
ex. patient aspirates which eventually leads to pneumonia

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4
Q

what is predisposing cause

A

something that predisposes you to disease but is not the immediate cause
ex. patient has dementia and difficulty swallowing

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5
Q

define morphology

A

the gross and microscopic appearance of tissue

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6
Q

define pathogenesis

A

series of steps in the development of disease

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7
Q

define clinical manifestations

A

symptoms or observed signs of diseases

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8
Q

define lesion

A

generic term for any damaged or abnormal change in the tissue

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9
Q

define subclinical disease

A

disease that showed no signs on a clinical exam
rather it is discovered through imaging or accidentally in bloodwork

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10
Q

define morbidity

A

state of having an illness

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11
Q

define the topographic disease classification

A

by body or region
ex. abdominal vs thoracic

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12
Q

define the anatomic disease classification

A

by organ or tissue
ex. heart disease

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13
Q

define the physiological disease classification

A

by function or effect - underlying physical unwellness produced by the disease
ex. metabolic, respiratory

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14
Q

define the pathological disease classification

A

by the nature of the disease process (the type of disease)
ex. inflammatory or neoplastic

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15
Q

define the etiologic disease classification

A

causative agent
ex. organisms that cause certain diseases

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16
Q

define the juristic disease classification

A

legal circumstances regarding death
ex. natural vs sudden death

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17
Q

define the epidemiological disease classification

A

incidence, distribution, and control of disorders within a population
ex. the corona virus epidemic

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18
Q

define the statistical disease classification

A

the number of new cases of a specific disease that occurs during a certain period

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19
Q

define inherited (familial)

A

inherent chromosomal abnormality of one or more parents
ex. dominant or recessive

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20
Q

define autosomal dominant

A

disease that can be caused by only one copy of abnormal genes
ex. huntington disease

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21
Q

define autosomal recessive

A

disease caused by two copies of an abnormal gene
ex. sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis

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22
Q

define sex-linked inheritance

A

diseases that occur on sex chromosome
will be expressed if on X gene in males because they only have one X gene
ex. hemophilia

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23
Q

define congenital

A

disorder present at birth

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24
Q

define toxicity

A

various poisons that cause cell degeneration or death

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25
define infectious
disease introduced to the body by pathogenic agents (bacteria, fungus, etc.)
26
define traumatic
disease caused by direct physical injury
27
define degenerative
a disease that results from aging or wear and tear
28
define allergic
sensitivity to an antigen
29
define autoimmune
body's immune system attacks itself
30
define neoplastic
new abnormal growth of cells forming a tumor ex. benign or malignant
31
define cachexia
extreme weight loss and muscle wasting
32
define psychosomatic
disease which involves both mind and body
33
define somatoform
psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with medical or neurological condition
34
define malingering
exaggerating or faking illness to escape duty
35
define factitious
mental disorder in which a person acts if they have a physical or mental illness when in fact they have consciously created these symptoms ex. Münchausen syndrome
36
define iatrogenic
relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
37
define nosocomial
disease is acquired in the hospital
38
define adverse event
incident that results in harm to the patient ex. falls, malnutrition, infection, and pressure injury
39
define sentinel event
event in a healthcare setting which results in patient death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm
40
define hypertrophy
increase in size of cell due to demand
41
define hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
42
define atrophy
decrease in size or metabolic activity of cell
43
define anlage
embryonic area capable of forming a structure (primordial, germ, or bud)
44
define agenesis
complete failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth
45
define aplasia
failure of an organ or tissue to develop or function properly
46
define hypoplasia
underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ
47
define natural history
individual course of a disease from onset of symtoms to recovery or death
48
define hypertrophy
enlargement of cells in a tissue or organ | *think you want a bigger, shinier trophy
49
define metaplasia
transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type ex. you have pseudostratified columnar epithelium in your lungs but if you smoke, those cells can start to become squamous (squamous metaplasia) | *think at the met gala, they have to get changed into different outfits
50
define dysplasia
abnormal development of cells within tissue or organs considered pre-cancerous (derranged cell growth)
51
define anaplasia
poor cellular differentiation cells lose normal morphological characteristics considered malignant | *think when someone has ana (anorexia), they loose their normal features
52
what is hypoxia
low oxygen delivery to tissue prevents cells from performing adequate aerobic oxidative respiration can be caused by ischemia | *pertains to the oxygen itself
53
define ischemia and give some of its causes
decreased blood flow through an organ can be caused by: decreased arterial perfusion decreased venous drainage shock (hypotension) | *pertains to the blood itself
54
what is budd-chiari syndrome
decreased hepatic venous outflow can lead to ischemia
55
what is cellular swelling
a type of morphological cell damage that can be reversible plasma membrane becomes permeable and water enters
56
what is fatty change
a type of morphological cell damage that can be reversed triglycerides start to become stored within vacuoles inside the cell common in organs like the liver
57
what is increased eosinophilia
a type of morphological cell damage that can be reversed cytoplasm stains more red because the proteins are more denatured and want to bind to eosin
58
what are some intracellular changes associated with cell damage
plasma membrane alterations (blebbing) mitochondrial changes (swelling) dilation of ER with detachment of ribosomes and polysomes clumping of chromatin
59
what is steatosis
triglyceride accumulation within parenchymal cells usually found in the liver
60
define xanthomas
when fat builds up in the skin
61
define cholesterolosis
fat deposits along the inner wall of the gallbladder
62
what is hyaline change
alteration within cells that causes the components to have a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance
63
when would you see glycogen accumulations
in patients with either glucose or gylcogen metabolism abnormalities
64
what are exogenous (external) pigments
external pigments such as carbon that accumulate within the cells
65
what are endogenous (internal) pigments
internal pigments that accumulate within the cells lipofuscin, hemosiderin, and melanin
66
what is lipofuscin
endogenous pigment that is a lipid/protein complex indicative of free radical injury
67
what is hemosiderin
yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin (iron)
68
what is calcification
abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts with small amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts two types: dystrophic calcification of necrotic tissue and metastatic calcification of normal tissue
69
what is dystrophic calcification
calcification of necrotic tissue many layers become psammoma bodies ex. atheroma in atherosclerosis
70
what is metastatic calcification
calcifications of normal tissue caused by hypercalacemia (excess blood calcium levels) uncommon, typically found in the thyroid
71
define necrosis
denaturization of cellular proteins, leakage of cellular contents through damaged membranes, local inflammation, and enzymatic digestion much less organized than apoptosis and is a consequence of severe injury **characterized by loss of nucleus**
72
what is pyknosis
shrinkage and increased basophilia of nucleus seen in necrosis
73
what is karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus seen in necrosis
74
what is karyolysis
nuclear breakdown and pallor due to digestion of DNA nucleus appears to be fading under the microscope seen in necrosis
75
what are myelin figures
what's leftover after cell necrosis phospholipid masses
76
what is coagulative necrosis
architecture of dead tissue reamins first but the nucleus disappears seen in all organs except for the brain
77
what is liquefactive necrosis
digestion of dead cells leads to liquification of tissues often occurs in the brain
78
what is gangrenous necrosis
typically occurs in a limb and resembles mummified tissue dry: mummified tissue wet: infection of dead tissue
79
what is caseous necrosis
cheese-like appearence associated with tuberculosis surrounded by granular inflammation combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
80
where would you find a Langhans giant cell
only in active TB cases
81
what is fat necrosis
fat is destroyed lipases or fatty acids are released due to trauma and combine with calcium to leave a chalky-white appearance
82
what is saponification
when hydrolyzed fats join with calcium
83
what is fibrinoid necrosis
vascular damage usually seen in immune reactions antigens and antibodies are depositied in the walls of arteries
84
what is apoptosis
planned cell death that does not cause inflammation ex. killing off excess leukocytes during an immune reponse
84
what is autophagy
self eating when lysosomes digest its own cell's components survival mechanism typically seen in stressors such as nutrient deprivation
85
define mortality
related to an individual's risk of death
86
define co-morbidity
multiple disorders occuring in the same person
87
what were the top three leading causes of death in the 1900's
pneumonia, TB, and diarrhea
88
what were the top 3 leading causes of death in 1997
heart disease, cancer, and stroke
89
what were the top 3 leading causes of death in 2020
heart disease, cancer, and COVID
90
what caused the most drug deaths in 2020 and 2021
synthetic opiods like fentanyl
91
what were the top three leading sites of new cancer cases in males and females in 2022 (morbitity)
males: prostate, lung, and colon female: breast, lung, and colon
92
what were the top four leading sites of cancer related deaths in males and females (morbidity)
males: lung, prostate, colon, pancreas female: lung, breast, colon, pancreas
93
define cause of death
the official determination of conditions resulting in a human's death recorded on the death certificate ex. gunshot wound to the chest
94
define the mechanism of death
immediate physiological derangment or chemical changes that result in death ex. exsanguination (extreme blood loss) from the gunshot
95
define the manner of death
how the death came about ex. natural, homicide, suicide, etc.

Basic Human Pathology (18 decks)

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