Flashcards in ch 12 Deck (30)
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1
what 2 things did durkheim believe to be necessary to cohesiveness of society?
forces of integration and forces of regulation
2
forces of integration
social bonds and collective beliefs that hold people together
3
forces of regulation
laws and social institutions that help ensure compliance with social norms/values/beliefs
4
what is durkheim best known for his work on?
anomie
5
anomie (4)
periods of lawlessness, normlessness, unrestrained choice, breakdown of social solidarity
6
what darwinian notions did members of the chicago school reject? (2)
most criminals were either psychopaths or feeble-minded
7
the idea that society is comparable to an organism and that society is based on consensus not conflict
functionalism
8
the theory that a breakdown of networks, norms, and trust can lead to greater crime and violence
social disorganization theory
9
5 main characteristics associated with socially disorganized areas
poverty, overcrowding, ethnic and cultural heterogeneity, residential instability, and broken homes
10
sampson and groves' 3 intervening variables
sparse local friendship networks, unsupervised teenage peer groups, and low organizational participation
11
2 features of social disorganization
breakdown of informal social controls and juvenile delinquency
12
sutherland's theory that criminal behaviour is learned through the process of social interaction
differential association theory
13
the notion that meaning and reality are socially constructed through gestures, symbols, or words which are themselves socially constructed
symbolic interactionism
14
which school is associated with "eugenics criminology"
positivist
15
the notion that criminals learn motivations and rationalizations to justify their criminal behaviour
neutralization
16
5 techniques of neutralization
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties
17
which theory combines sutherland's theory with the principles of operant conditioning?
differential association-reinforcement theory
18
examines how certain groups or behaviours come to be known as deviant
sociology of deviance
19
the stigma affixed through the criminalization process may lead individuals to develop a deviant self-image and feel separate from the normal community, and thus continue with deviant behaviour
labelling theory
20
anomie-strain theory
the state of anomie caused by strain between cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve those goals
21
5 modes of adaptation for dealing with sense of anomie or strain
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
22
the notion that criminal subcultures develop their own values or norms
cultural transmission theory
23
explains delinquent acts by teens from affluent families
general strain theory
24
institutional imbalance is caused by the cultural goals of capitalist society and the failure of social institutions to properly integrate and regulate the pursuit of those goals
institutional-anomie theory
25
criminal behaviour depends on reward or punishment
social learning theory
26
social bonds and informal social controls act as restraints on teen delinquency
social control theory
27
4 elements of hirschi's social bond theory
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
28
both social bond theory and social learning theory are needed to explain criminal behaviour because the weakening of the social bond and the social learning of criminal values is reciprocal
interactional theory
29
individuals can be deflected off the trajectory of crime by turning points in life
life-course-developmental theory
30
