ch 12 Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

what 2 things did durkheim believe to be necessary to cohesiveness of society?

A

forces of integration and forces of regulation

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2
Q

forces of integration

A

social bonds and collective beliefs that hold people together

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3
Q

forces of regulation

A

laws and social institutions that help ensure compliance with social norms/values/beliefs

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4
Q

what is durkheim best known for his work on?

A

anomie

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5
Q

anomie (4)

A

periods of lawlessness, normlessness, unrestrained choice, breakdown of social solidarity

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6
Q

what darwinian notions did members of the chicago school reject? (2)

A

most criminals were either psychopaths or feeble-minded

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7
Q

the idea that society is comparable to an organism and that society is based on consensus not conflict

A

functionalism

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8
Q

the theory that a breakdown of networks, norms, and trust can lead to greater crime and violence

A

social disorganization theory

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9
Q

5 main characteristics associated with socially disorganized areas

A

poverty, overcrowding, ethnic and cultural heterogeneity, residential instability, and broken homes

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10
Q

sampson and groves’ 3 intervening variables

A

sparse local friendship networks, unsupervised teenage peer groups, and low organizational participation

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11
Q

2 features of social disorganization

A

breakdown of informal social controls and juvenile delinquency

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12
Q

sutherland’s theory that criminal behaviour is learned through the process of social interaction

A

differential association theory

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13
Q

the notion that meaning and reality are socially constructed through gestures, symbols, or words which are themselves socially constructed

A

symbolic interactionism

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14
Q

which school is associated with “eugenics criminology”

A

positivist

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15
Q

the notion that criminals learn motivations and rationalizations to justify their criminal behaviour

A

neutralization

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16
Q

5 techniques of neutralization

A

denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties

17
Q

which theory combines sutherland’s theory with the principles of operant conditioning?

A

differential association-reinforcement theory

18
Q

examines how certain groups or behaviours come to be known as deviant

A

sociology of deviance

19
Q

the stigma affixed through the criminalization process may lead individuals to develop a deviant self-image and feel separate from the normal community, and thus continue with deviant behaviour

A

labelling theory

20
Q

anomie-strain theory

A

the state of anomie caused by strain between cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve those goals

21
Q

5 modes of adaptation for dealing with sense of anomie or strain

A

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

22
Q

the notion that criminal subcultures develop their own values or norms

A

cultural transmission theory

23
Q

explains delinquent acts by teens from affluent families

A

general strain theory

24
Q

institutional imbalance is caused by the cultural goals of capitalist society and the failure of social institutions to properly integrate and regulate the pursuit of those goals

A

institutional-anomie theory

25
criminal behaviour depends on reward or punishment
social learning theory
26
social bonds and informal social controls act as restraints on teen delinquency
social control theory
27
4 elements of hirschi's social bond theory
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
28
both social bond theory and social learning theory are needed to explain criminal behaviour because the weakening of the social bond and the social learning of criminal values is reciprocal
interactional theory
29
individuals can be deflected off the trajectory of crime by turning points in life
life-course-developmental theory
30
durkheim believes in the ____ perspective whereas marx believes in the ____ perspective
consensus, conflict