ch 13 Flashcards
(23 cards)
violence that is most commonly inflicted by one individual against another or by a small group against another
interpersonal violence
the notion that an event occurs as a result of more than one factor
multi-causal
dark figure of crime
the variation between the number of crimes that occur and the number of crimes that are actually reported to the police
what are the GSS’s 3 measures of violent victimization?
assault, sexual assault, and robbery
factors that are associated with crime
correlates
violent victimization that does not cause death
sub-lethal violent victimization
factors associated with an incident
situational characteristics
violent victimization that causes death
lethal violence
theories that state certain societal stressors increase the likelihood of crime
strain theories
low income or poverty in and of itself
absolute deprivation
the perception of unfair disparity between one’s situation and that of others
relative deprivation
a culturally idealized form of masculinity
hegemonic masculinity
the unequal distribution of resources and services from one area to another
spatial inequality
larger numbers of poor people living in certain neighbourhoods means higher levels of violent crime
compositional effect
levels of violent crime stem from neighbourhood social context
contextual effect
a group’s shared belief that it can come together to achieve desire goals
collective efficacy
a crime and violence prevention model that is designed to address social and spatial inequalities in urban neighbourhoods
safer cities initiatives
what does CPSD stand for
crime prevention through social development
the twin pillars of crime prevention
CPTED and CPSD
primary level of CPSD
universal, population-based programs for everyone such as education and healthcare
secondary level of CPSD
programs that target those at higher risk for criminal activity
tertiary level of CPSD
rehabilitative and supervision programs for offenders to reduce re-offending
4 CPTED design principles
natural access control, natural surveillance, territoriality, and maintenance