ch 13

Question 1

violence that is most commonly inflicted by one individual against another or by a small group against another

Answer 1

interpersonal violence

Question 2

the notion that an event occurs as a result of more than one factor

Answer 2

multi-causal

Question 3

dark figure of crime

Answer 3

the variation between the number of crimes that occur and the number of crimes that are actually reported to the police

Question 4

what are the GSS’s 3 measures of violent victimization?

Answer 4

assault, sexual assault, and robbery

Question 5

factors that are associated with crime

Answer 5

correlates

Question 6

violent victimization that does not cause death

Answer 6

sub-lethal violent victimization

Question 7

factors associated with an incident

Answer 7

situational characteristics

Question 8

violent victimization that causes death

Answer 8

lethal violence

Question 9

theories that state certain societal stressors increase the likelihood of crime

Answer 9

strain theories

Question 10

low income or poverty in and of itself

Answer 10

absolute deprivation

Question 11

the perception of unfair disparity between one’s situation and that of others

Answer 11

relative deprivation

Question 12

a culturally idealized form of masculinity

Answer 12

hegemonic masculinity

Question 13

the unequal distribution of resources and services from one area to another

Answer 13

spatial inequality

Question 14

larger numbers of poor people living in certain neighbourhoods means higher levels of violent crime

Answer 14

compositional effect

Question 15

levels of violent crime stem from neighbourhood social context

Answer 15

contextual effect

Question 16

a group’s shared belief that it can come together to achieve desire goals

Answer 16

collective efficacy

Question 17

a crime and violence prevention model that is designed to address social and spatial inequalities in urban neighbourhoods

Answer 17

safer cities initiatives

Question 18

what does CPSD stand for

Answer 18

crime prevention through social development

Question 19

the twin pillars of crime prevention

Answer 19

CPTED and CPSD

Question 20

primary level of CPSD

Answer 20

universal, population-based programs for everyone such as education and healthcare

Question 21

secondary level of CPSD

Answer 21

programs that target those at higher risk for criminal activity

Question 22

tertiary level of CPSD

Answer 22

rehabilitative and supervision programs for offenders to reduce re-offending

Question 23

4 CPTED design principles

Answer 23

natural access control, natural surveillance, territoriality, and maintenance