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crim 101 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

when and where was the first school of criminology established?

A

1963, university of montreal

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2
Q

when was the school of criminology established at sfu?

A

1973

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3
Q

on average, by age 18, how many violent acts and how many murders has a child watched on tv?

A

16,000 murders

200,000 violent acts

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4
Q

5 features of moral panic

A

concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, volatility

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5
Q

behaviour that differs from accepted social norms

A

deviance

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6
Q

statistical data relating to characteristics of a population

A

demographics

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7
Q

the finding that two measurable variables occur together, suggesting a relationship but not necessarily cause/effect

A

correlation

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8
Q

forensic entomology

A

the study of insects to assist in legal investigations

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9
Q

what does UCR stand for

A

Uniform Crime Reporting survey

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10
Q

what does GSS stand for

A

General Social Survey

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11
Q

how does the GSS get its data?

A

by randomly calling citizens in a given jurisdiction

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12
Q

who argued that criminality was a biological trait

A

cesare lombroso

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13
Q

explain william sheldon’s argument of somatotyping

A

body types are strongly linked to criminal behaviour

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14
Q

what part of the brain is associated with aggressive behaviour

A

frontal lobe

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15
Q

what does CPTED stand for

A

Crime prevention through environmental design

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16
Q

what does CPTED aim to do (2 things)

A

manage crime by:

  1. decreasing the opportunity and motivation for committing crime
  2. increasing risk to offender if crime is committed
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17
Q

2 criticisms of CPTED

A
  1. it only displaces crime to less-protected areas

2. it shifts the responsibility of crime prevention from the state onto the individual

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18
Q

geographic profiling

A

a tool that permits police to focus on the likely residence of offenders in the case of serial crimes

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19
Q

imposing a form of control on individuals who might otherwise not be subject to such control

A

net widening

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20
Q

crime is a choice made by willing actors

A

rational choice theory

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21
Q

media effects

A

the concept that exposure to media has an effect on behaviour

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22
Q

active audiences

A

the concept that audiences are not passive recipients of info but instead are active in creating meaning

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23
Q

problem frame

A

a narrative that is easily understood because it focuses on something “bad” that affects many people and can be solved in the future

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24
Q

a person or group that takes the lead in identifying a certain behaviour as deviant and in need of legal sanctions

A

moral entrepreneurs (crusaders)

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25
people or groups presented in media as deviant outsiders and the cause of social problems
folk devils
26
grassroots theory
moral panics begin with genuine public concern about a problem (real or imagined), thus politicians and the media become involved
27
elite-engineered theory
small, powerful groups deliberately create moral panics to divert public attention away from more serious social issues (which the solutions to might negatively impact the groups themselves)
28
interest group theory
media, politicians, professional, and religious groups act independently to generate a moral panic about something they may or may not be genuinely concerned about
29
6 qualities of an "ideal victim" for media coverage
weak, going about routine, blameless, unrelated to offender, submissive, can assert victim status without threatening status quo
30
sousveillance
when a citizen records an incident to hold police accountable
31
the CSI effect
jurors hold unrealistic expectations of forensic science evidence
32
a law that imposes punishment rather than compensation for the victim
penal law
33
common law
a body of law defined by decisions by successive judges rather than by legislation
34
when did Canada adapt its own criminal code?
1892
35
a relatively minor offence such as tresspassing
summary offence
36
what is the maximum jail sentence and maximum fine for a summary offence?
6 months, $5000
37
a serious offence such as murder
indictable offence
38
indictment
a formal written accusation used for serious crimes
39
the guilty act
actus reus
40
the guilty mind
mens rea
41
an unlawful threat or coercion to get a person to do something against their will
duress
42
a principle of sentencing or punishment intended to discourage citizens from offending
deterrence
43
a formal expression that conduct is unacceptable
denunciation
44
parliamentary supremacy
the concept that the legislative body is superior to other institutions (including the executive and courts)
45
the principle that governments, individuals, and corporations must follow the law
rule of law
46
when was canada's charters of rights and freedoms introduced?
1982
47
crimes, legislation, or other legal issues that cross the boundaries of nations, provinces, or jurisdictions
interjurisdictional
48
conflict theories
focus on the unequal distribution of power in society which leads to conflict between groups/classes
49
what does the "dark figure of crime" refer to?
the variation between the number of crimes that occur and the number of crimes that are reported to the police
50
positivist argument for the dark figure of crime
although crime statistics are imperfect, they are still useful in measuring changes
51
consensus theories
society functions through social bonds and collective beliefs. widespread acceptance of values, norms, laws
52
constructionist perspective
life does not come with categories and labels, and we understand and define the world on the basis of our socialization and interactions with others
53
Jason ditton's 1979 constructionist perspective
crime statistics have little to do with amount of crime that really exists but rather measures police activity
54
integrationist
a combo of structuralist, positivist, and constructionist approaches
55
crime funnel
a model indicating that the actual total quantity of crime is much higher that the decreasing portion that is detected, prosecuted, and punished
56
in 2004, what percentage of those polled in GSS had reported the crimes they had experienced to the police
31%
57
what is counted in a UCR survey of violence?
number of victims
58
what is counted in a UCR survey of property?
number of events
59
what is counted in a UCR survey of mixed/multiple offences?
the most serious offence
60
CompStat
NYPD accountability process introduced in 1990's to reduce crime. computer-based real-time mapping system for tracking serious crimes
61
clearance rates
proportion of crimes solved by police
62
a survey participant forgets about a victimization that has taken place
memory fade
63
a survey participant recalls events as having occurred more recently than is actually the case
telescoping
64
a crime that is evil in and of itself, such as murder, assault
mala in se
65
a crime that is evil because it is prohibited, such as marijuana usage
mala prohibita
66
what is section 7 of the charter about?
everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned
67
what percentage of charges are stayed, dismissed, or withdrawn?
30%
68
what is the punishment for 45% of convicted adult offenders?
probation
69
what is the punishment for 58% of convicted youth offenders?
probation
70
what percent of offenders are ordered to pay a fine?
30%
71
what is the success rate of probation?
60%
72
what is the success rate of statutory release?
55-60%
73
right to trial by jury applies in which courts?
superior courts
74
right to trial by jury applies to cases where the accused could be sentenced to ___ or more years?
5
75
3 reasons why victims don't report crimes
1. they feel the crime is not important enough 2. dealt with it in other ways 3. nothing the police can do
76
when was the UCR2 adopted?
1982
77
what was new with the UCR2?
adds crime categories and collects more info on crime events
78
what is the dark figure of recording?
difference between crime reported to police and crime not recorded by police
79
explain the security hypothesis
there is an apparent decline in motor vehicle thefts not due to fewer offenders but due to traffic measures that make joyriding less attractive, as well as better locks on cars
80
in order for a predatory criminal event to occur, there must be a motivated offender, a suitable target, and absence of capable guardianship. what theory is this?
routine activities theory
81
cracking
hacking with intent to commit a crime
82
phishing
sending communications via the internet that look legit
83
lifestyles of individuals and groups follow patterns. offenders have similar lifestyles to their victims. what theory is this?
lifestyle exposure theory
84
in a study of 70 california homicides over 10 years, where did they all take place?
away from workplace. in permissive environs such as parties, bars, street corners, home
85
name 3 types of deviant transactions
individual deviance, deviant exchange, and deviant exploitation
86
3 levels of victimization in a crime
primary, secondary, and teritary
87
direct victim
a person who is present at the time of victimization and suffers harm
88
indirect victim
a person who is not immediately affected by victimization but suffers in some way
89
actual victim
a person who is the direct target of victimization
90
vicarious victims
a person who does not experience direct victimization but responds as if they had been victimized after learning of the event
91
strobl's 4 types of victim classification
actual, rejected, designated, non-victim
92
group most at risk for violent crime victimization
15 - 24 year olds, single
93
a set of PTSD symptoms in people who have experienced sexual assault
rape trauma syndrome
94
victim precipitation
the problematic assumption that victims can bring about their own victimization through certain behaviour
95
stories that reflect belief systems that reveal incorrect assumptions about the causes of sexual assault
rape myths
96
a process whereby a victim is found at fault for his or her own victimization, in whole or in part
victim blaming
97
blame continuum
the range of blaming possibilities, from total guilt to total innocence, of both the victim and the victimizer
98
social and psychological factors that protect an individual from being harmed
insulators
99
personal protective factors
characteristics a person has to help deal with stress
100
the people and resources that support the individual who is experiencing traumatic stress
community and social support factors
101
victim impact statement
a written document describing the harm done to the victim

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