Ch 13 Reading Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
What are the two general categories of sexual disorders?
A
- Sexual dysfunctions
- Paraphilic disorders
2
Q
People with _______ _________ have problems with their sexual responses
A
Sexual dysfunctions
3
Q
People with ________ _______ have repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies in response to objects or situations that society deems inappropriate
A
Paraphilic disorders
4
Q
What are the four phases of the human sexual response cycle?
A
- Desire
- Excitement
- Orgasm
- Resolution
5
Q
The phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction
A
Desire
6
Q
What two dysfunctions affect the desire phase?
A
- Male hypoactive sexual desire
- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
7
Q
Studies suggest that as many as __ percent of men and __ percent of women around the world suffer from a sexual dysfunction during their lives
A
30%, 45%
8
Q
A male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity
A
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
9
Q
A female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity
A
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
10
Q
Which hormone in both men and women lead to low sex drive?
A
Prolactin- high levels
11
Q
Which male sex hormone lead to low sex drive?
A
Low level of testosterone
12
Q
Which female sex hormone lead to low sex drive?
A
estrogen- either high or low levels
13
Q
Excessive activity of which neurotransmitters have been linked to low sexual desire?
A
Dopamine and serotonin
14
Q
What psychological causes lead to low sexual desire?
A
- A general increase in anxiety, depression, or anger in both men and women
- Some are afraid of losing control over their sexual urges and others fear pregnancy
- Certain psychological disorders, such as a mild level of depression or ocd
15
Q
What sociocultural causes lead to low sexual desire?
A
- Situational pressure (divorce, a death, job stress etc)
- Cultural standards
- Trauma of sexual molestation or assault
16
Q
The phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing
A
Excitement phase
17
Q
A dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity
A
Erectile disorder
18
Q
What percentage of the male population have erectile disorder?
A
As much as 25%
19
Q
As many as 18% of men worldwide have this disorder
A
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
20
Q
As many as __ percent of women worldwide have female sexual interest/arousal disorder
A
38%
21
Q
Most men with an erectile disorder are over the age of __
A
50
22
Q
What are the biological causes for erectile disorder?
A
- Same hormonal imbalances for male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
- More commonly is vascular problems (problems with the body’s blood vessels)
- Damage to the nervous system as a result of diabetes, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, kidney failure, or treatment by dialysis
- Medication or substance abuse
23
Q
Erection during sleep
A
Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)
24
Q
What are the psychological causes for erectile disorder?
A
- Any of the psychological causes of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder can also interfere with arousal and lead to erectile disorder
Ex: men with severe depression experience some degree of erectile dysfunction
25
As many as __ percent of all men with severe depression experience some degree of erectile dysfunction
90%
26
One well supported psychological explanation for erectile disorder is the cognitive behavioral theory developed by William Masters and Virgina Johnson (1970)
Performance anxiety and the spectator role
27
The fear of performing inadequately and a related tension experienced during sex
Performance anxiety
28
A state of mind that some people experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and their enjoyment are reduced
Spectator role
29
What sociocultural causes lead to erectile disorder?
- Each of the sociocultural factors that contribute to male hypoactive sexual desire disorder has also been tired to erectile disorder
- Men who have lost their job, marital stress
- Wife provides too little stimulation for her aging husband
- Couple believes that only intercourse can give the wife an orgasm -> increase pressure on the man to have an erection
30
The phase of the sexual response cycle during which a person’s sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically
Organs phase
31
What are the dysfunctions in the orgasm phase?
- Early ejaculation and delayed ejaculation in men
- Female orgasmic disorder in women
32
A dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm and ejaculates within 1 minute of beginning sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to
Premature ejaculation. Aka early or rapid ejaculation
33
As many as __ percent of men worldwide ejaculate early at some time
30%
34
Although many ______ men contend with premature ejaculation, research suggests that men of ___ age may suffer from it
Young; any
35
What are the three biological explanations for premature ejaculation?
1. Some men are born with a genetic predisposition to develop this dysfunction
2. Brains of men contain certain serotonin receptors that are overactive and others that are under active
3. Have greater sensitivity or nerve conduction in the area of their penis
36
A male dysfunction characterized by persistent inability to ejaculate or very delayed ejaculations during sexual activity with a partner
Delayed ejaculation
37
Around 10% of men worldwide have this disorder
Delayed ejaculation
38
What biological causes lead to delayed ejaculation?
- Low testosterone level, neurological diseases, and some head or spinal cord injuries
- Substances that slow down the sympathetic nervous system
39
What are the psychological causes of delayed ejaculation?
- Leading cause appears to be performance anxiety and the spectator role
- Past masturbation habits
- May develop out of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
40
A dysfunction in which a woman persistently fails to reach orgasm, has very low intensity orgasms, or has very delayed orgasms
Female orgasmic disorder
41
As many as 25% of women apparently have this problem to some degree
Female orgasmic disorder
42
What are biological causes of female orgasmic disorder?
- Diabetes, multiple sclerosis, drugs and medication, post menopausal
43
What are the psychological causes to female orgasmic disorder?
- Psychological causes of female sexual interest/arousal disorder, including depression, may also lead to female orgasmic disorder
- Memories of childhood traumas and relationships
44
What sociocultural causes lead to female orgasmic disorder?
- Researchers suggest that unusually stressful events, traumas, or relationships may help produce the fears, memories, and attitudes that often characterize these sexual problems
- Certain qualities in a woman's intimate relationships
45
A sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse
Genito pelvic pain/penetration disorder
46
What is vaginismus?
When the muscles around the outer third of the vagina involuntarily contract, preventing entry of the penis
47
Fewer than 1% of all women have __________
Vaginismus
48
Fear the discomfort of penetration of the vagina; will be painful and damaging
Vaginismus
49
No involuntary contractions of their vaginal muscles, but they do experience severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse
Dyspareunia
50
More than 14% of women suffer from this problem to some degree
Dyspareunia
51
This form of genito pelvic pain/penetration disorder usually has a physical cause
Dyspareunia
52
At least 3% of men suffer from this disorder during intercourse
Genito pelvic pain/penetration disorder
53
Which type of therapy was typically unsuccessful in the first half of the 20th century for treating sexual dysfunctions?
Psychodynamic therapy
54
What are the general features of sex therapy?
- Modern sex therapy is short term and instructive, typically lasting 15-20 sessions
- Centers in specific sexual problems rather than on broad personality issues
55
What are the variety of principles and techniques used in almost all cases of modern sex therapy?
1. Assessing and conceptualizing the problem
2. Mutual responsibility
3. Education about sexuality
4. Emotion identification
5. Attitude change
6. Elimination of performance anxiety and the spectator role
7. Increasing sexual and general communication skills
8. Changing destructive lifestyles and marital interactions
9. Addressing physical and medical factors
56
What type of sexual dysfunction is the technique affectual awareness used to treat?
Disorders of desire- male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder
57
In this technique, patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerability, and other negative emotions they may have concerning sex
Affectual awareness
58
What techniques are used to treat disorders of desire?
- Affectual awareness
- Cognitive self instruction training
- “Desire diary” (behavioral)
- Hormone treatments (biological)
59
What techniques are used to treat erectile dysfunction?
- Tease technique
- Use manual or oral sex to achieve woman’s orgasm and reduce pressure on the man to perform
- Sildenafil (viagra)- biological approach
- Gel suppositories, injections of drugs into the penis, and a vacuum erection device
60
What techniques are used to treat premature ejaculation?
- Stop start procedure (Behavioral)
- SSRIs (serotonin enhancing antidepressant drugs) because it reduces sexual arousal or orgasm
61
A man may be instructed to masturbate to orgasm in the presence of his partner or to masturbate just short of orgasm before inserting his penis for intercourse. If this disorder is caused by physical factors, treatment may include a drug to increase arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. What are these techniques used to treat?
Delayed ejaculation
62
What treatments are used for female orgasmic disorder?
Cognitive behavioral techniques, self exploration, enhancement of body awareness, and directed masturbation training
63
A sex therapy approach that teaches women with female arousal or orgasmic problems how to masturbarte effectively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions
Directed masturbation training
64
What techniques are used to treat vaginismus?
1. A woman may practice tightening and relaxing her vaginal muscles until she gained more voluntary control over them
2. She may receive gradual behavioral exposure treatment to help her overcome her fear of penetration by inserting increasingly large dilators in her vagina
3. Botox to help reduce spasms in those muscles (unsystematic)
65
What techniques are used to treat Dyspareunia?
- Pain management procedures and sec therapy techniques: helping a couple learn intercourse positions that avoid putting pressure on injured area
- Medical interventions
66
Intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors outside the usual sexual norms
Paraphilias
67
How does the DSM 5 state a diagnosis of paraphilia?
Diagnosed only if significant distress/impairment is experienced OR when the individual or others are at risk of harm (current or past)
68
What is focus now for treatments for paraphilic disorders?
Biological interventions
69
What are the key features for Fetishistic Disorder?
Recurrent intense sexual urges, sexual fantasies, or behaviors involving a non living object
70
Key features- fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving dressing as the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal
Transvestic Disorder
71
Sometimes follows operant conditioning principles
Transvestic disorder
72
Behaviorists believe classical conditioning causes this disorder
Fetishistic disorder
73
Key features- arousal from exposing self in public
Exhibitionistic disorder
74
Disorder treated by aversion therapy or masturbatory satiation
Exhibitionistic disorder
75
What are the key features for Voyeuristic disorder?
Repeated and intense sexual urges to observe people as they undress or engage in sexual activity
76
Key features- recurrent and intense fantasies, urges, or behaviors- touching/rubbing a non consenting person
Frotteuristic Disorder
77
What are the key features for pedophilic disorder?
Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual arousal from children
78
Key features- fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or made to suffer
Sexual Masochism disorder
79
What are the key features of sexual sadism disorder?
Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the physical or psychological suffering of another individual
80
How does the DSM 5 define Gender Dysphoria?
People feel that their gender identity is different than biological sex AND experience extreme unhappiness
