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PSY170 > Ch. 5 Reading > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Reading Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is an obsession?

A

A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

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2
Q

What is a compulsion?

A

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

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3
Q

According to the DSM-5, what is obsessive compulsive disorder?

A

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both

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4
Q

How does anxiety play a major role in OCD?

A

The obsessions cause intense anxiety; while the compulsions are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety

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5
Q

Is OCD classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-5?

A

No

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6
Q

What percentage of people in the United States and other countries suffer from OCD in a given year?

A

Between 1-2%

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7
Q

What is the prevalence rate for OCD?

A

As many as 3% develop OCD at some point during their lives

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8
Q

What is the onset of OCD? How long does it last?

A

Usually begins by young adulthood and typically persists for many years

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9
Q

How many people with OCD seek treatment?

A

More than 40%

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10
Q

According to the DSM-5, what is the checklist for OCD?

A
  1. Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both
  2. The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time
  3. Significant distress or impairment
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11
Q

What forms do obsessions take?

A

Obsessive
- wishes
- impulses
- images
- ideas
- doubts

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12
Q

What various forms can compulsion take on?

A
  • cleaning compulsions
  • checking compulsions
  • order or balance
  • touching, verbal, and counting compulsions
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13
Q

Study have found that compulsions do what for obsessions?

A
  • Compulsions seem to represent a yielding to obsessive doubts, ideas, or urges
  • Compulsions sometimes serve to help control obsessions
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14
Q

In the Psychodynamic perspective, what do the id impulses take form of? And the ego defenses?

A
  • the id impulses usually take the form of obsessive thoughts
  • the ego defenses appear as counter-thoughts or compulsive actions
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15
Q

What are the 3 ego defense mechanisms that are common according to psychodynamic theorists?

A
  1. Isolation
  2. Undoing
  3. Reaction formation
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16
Q

What is isolation?

A

An ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions

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17
Q

What is undoing?

A

An ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act

Ex- those who wash their hands repeatedly may be symbolically undoing their unacceptable id impulses

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18
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

An ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a lifestyle that expresses the opposite desire

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19
Q

What was Freud’s theory of OCD (psychodynamic perspective) ?

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A

Freud traces OCD to the anal stage of development. He proposed that during this stage some children experience intense rage and shame as a result of negative toilet training experiences

20
Q

What is the main focus of OCD for behaviorists?

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A

They have concentrated on explaining and treating compulsions rather than obsessions

21
Q

What is the Behavioral perspective of OCD?

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A
  • They propose people happen upon their compulsions randomly
  • When the threat lifts they link the improvement to that particular action
  • The act become a key method of avoiding or reducing anxiety
22
Q

What is Exposure and Response Prevention?

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A

A behavioral treatment for OCD that exposes a client to anxiety arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing their compulsive acts

23
Q

What percentage of clients with OCD have improved with exposure and response prevention treatment?

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A

Between 55-85%

24
Q

What is the Cognitive perspective of OCD?

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A
  • Cognitive theorists believe that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts
  • Most people dismiss or ignore them with ease, but those who develop OCD blame themselves for such thoughts and expect that somehow terrible things will happen
25
What is Neutralizing?
A persons attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts
26
How do cognitive therapists help clients with OCD?
- Help clients focus on the cognitive processes involved in their OCD - Educate the clients, pointing out how misinterpretations of unwanted thoughts, an excessive sense of responsibility, and neutralizing acts help produce and maintain their symptoms
27
How do cognitive therapists treat clients with OCD?
They guide the clients to identify, challenge, and change their distorted cognitions
28
What are cognitive-behavioral treatments?
Clients are first taught to view their obsessive thoughts as inaccurate occurrences rather than as valid and dangerous cognitions for which they are responsible and up which they must act
29
What is the Biological perspective of OCD?
The more similar the gene composition of two individuals the more likely both are to experience OCD, if indeed one of them displays the disorder
30
What two pieces of evidence prove that biological factors play a key role in OCD?
1. Abnormally low activity of the NT serotonin 2. Abnormal functioning in key regions of the brain
31
What is Serotonin?
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders
32
What may Serotonin act largely as?
A neuromodulator- a chemical whose primary function is to increase or decrease the activity of other key neurotransmitters
33
Which regions of the brain have been linked to OCD?
- Orbitofrontal cortex - Caudate nuclei
34
What is the orbitofrontal cortex?
A region of the brain in which impulses involving extraction, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise
35
What is the Caudate nuclei?
Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions
36
What happens when impulses move on to the caudate nuclei?
The caudate nuclei acts as filters that send only the most powerful impulses on to the thalamus
37
If impulses reach the thalamus, what happens next?
The person is driven to think further about them and perhaps to act
38
What type of treatment is used for OCD in biological therapies?
Antidepressant drugs- increase brain serotonin activity and also help produce more normal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
39
What occurs when people are treated with antidepressants for OCD alone? What treatment is used instead?
- Tend to relapse if their medication is stopped - Be treated by a combination of behavioral, cognitive, and drug therapies
40
What is obsessive compulsive related disorders?
Disorders in which obsessive like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform certain patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives
41
What are the 4 patterns assigned to the group obsessive compulsive related disorders?
1. Hoarding disorder 2. Trichotillomania disorder 3. Excoriation disorder 4. Body dysmorphic disorder
42
What is hoarding disorder?
A disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items
43
What is Trichotillomania?
A disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body
44
What is excoriation disorder?
A disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds
45
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
A disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their psychical appearance. Such defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated

PSY170 (11 decks)

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