Lecture 11 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
A disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss
A
Anorexia nervosa
2
Q
What is the criteria of body weight for anorexia nervosa?
A
15% below the average weight for their height/sex
3
Q
The symptoms- purposely consuming very little, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body perception belong to which disorder?
A
Anorexia nervosa
4
Q
What are the two types of anorexia nervosa?
A
- Restricting-Type Anorexia Nervosa
- Binge-Eating/Purging-Type Anorexia Nervosa
5
Q
What leads to anorexia?
A
- dieting
- stressful event, failure
6
Q
What percent of all cases of anorexia nervosa occur in which gender? What age?
A
90-95% in females
14-20 years old
7
Q
What is the most deadly mental disorder?
A
Anorexia nervosa
8
Q
What are some examples of the medical problems Anorexia nervosa causes?
A
- Amenorrhea
- Lower body temp
- Body swelling
- Rough dry and cracked skin
- Hair loss on scalp
- Lanugo
9
Q
What provides the motivation for people with anorexia nervosa?
A
Fear
10
Q
What is the clinical picture for people with anorexia nervosa?
A
- Preoccupied with food
- Distorted thinking
- Psychological problems
11
Q
In the research technique where people adjust the lens until they see what they believe is their actual image, how many of the individuals with anorexia nervosa overestimated their body size?
A
More than half of the individuals with anorexia nervosa
12
Q
A disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forces vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight
A
Bulimia Nervosa (aka Binge-purge syndrome)
13
Q
A binge episode takes place over what? During which the person does what?
A
- A limited period of time, often 2 hours
- eats much more food than most people would eat during a similar time span
14
Q
How many females develop anorexia nervosa in Western countries?
A
0.5-4% of all females develop it
15
Q
How many individuals with anorexia nervosa become ill or die?
A
2-6%
16
Q
When does bulimia nervosa typically begin?
A
In adolescence or young adulthood (most often between 15 and 20 years old)
17
Q
According to global studies, what percent of students report periodic binge eating or self-induced vomiting?
A
25-50% of all students
18
Q
Surveys in several Western countries suggest that as many as ________ of women develop bulimia nervosa
A
5%
19
Q
How many binge episodes per week do people with bulimia nervosa have?
A
Between 1 and 30 binge episodes
20
Q
In reality, vomiting fails to prevent the ____________ of half of the _________ consumed during a binge.
A
Absorption; calories
21
Q
Over time, what develops if vomiting or other compensatory behaviors continue?
A
A cycle in which purging allows more binging and binging necessitates more purging
22
Q
A bulimic pattern typically begins when?
A
During or after a period of intense dieting; similar with anorexia nervosa
23
Q
Name ways how bulimia nervosa is different than anorexia nervosa
A
- Tend to be more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships
- Tend to be more sexually experienced and active than people with anorexia nervosa
- Have long histories of mood swings
- Only half of women are amenorrheic, or have very irregular menstrual periods
- Serious dental problems
- Dangerous potassium deficiencies
24
Q
A disorder marked by frequent binges but not extreme compensatory behaviors
A
Binge-eating disorder
25
Around ____ of people with binge-eating disorder become overweight or even obese
2/3
26
Between __ and __ percent of the population have binge-eating disorder
2 and 7%
27
Binge eating disorder is typically developed when?
In adolescent or young adulthood
28
A theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder. The more factors present, the greater the risk of developing the disorder
Multidimensional risk perspective
29
What are the most common factors found in people who develop an eating disorder?
Psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors
30
Who is Hilde Bruch?
A pioneer in the study and treatment of eating disorders. Developed a largely psychodynamic theory if the disorders.
31
According to Hilde Bruch, what is her psychodynamic theory on eating disorders?
She argued that disturbed mother-child interactions lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child (including a poor sense of independence and control) and to severe perceptual disturbances that jointly helped produce disordered eating
32
Clinical reports and research support Bruch’s theory and have observed that the parents of teenagers with eating disorders do what?
Do tend to define their children’s needs rather than allow the children to define their own needs
33
Research has also supported Bruch’s belief that people with eating disorders _________ internal cues, including emotional cues, ___________.
Perceive; inaccurately
34
People with eating disorders are often described by clinicians as alexithymic. What does that mean?
It means they have great difficulty putting descriptive labels on their feelings
35
Studies support Bruch’s argument that people with eating disorders rely excessively on ?
The opinions, wishes, and views of others
36
According to cognitive theorists, the deficiencies described by Hilde Bruch contribute to what?
Contribute to a broad cognitive distortion that lies at the center of disordered eating, namely, people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa judge themselves based on their shape and weight and their ability to control them
37
Many people with eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa, have symptoms of what disorder?
Depression
38
What are the four kinds of evidence that support the claim that depressive disorders set the stage for eating disorders?
1. Many more people with an eating disorder qualify for a clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder than do people in the general population
2. Close relatives of people with eating disorders seem to have a higher rate of depressive disorders than do close relatives of people without such disorders
3. Have low activity of serotonin
4. Often helped by some of the same antidepressant drugs that reduce depression
39
According to biological theorists, relatives of people with eating disorders are up to ___ times more likely than other people to develop the disorders themselves
6
40
If one identical twin has Anorexia nervosa, the other twin also develops the disorder in as many as _____ of cases
70%
41
The rate for fraternal twins is ____ in developing anorexia nervosa if one twin has it
20%
42
In the case of bulimia nervosa, identical twins display a concordance rate of ____, compared with a rate of ___ among fraternal twins
23%; 9%
43
A part of the brain that helps regulate various bodily functions, including eating and hunger
Thalamus
44
Brain region that produces hunger when activated
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
45
A brain region that depresses hunger when activated
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
46
Which two brain chemicals activate the LH and VMH?
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Natural appetite suppressants
47
The weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by the hypothalamus
Weight set point
48
What seems to determine each person’s weight set point?
Genetics inheritance and early eating practices
49
Surveys of athletes at colleges around the United States reveal that more than __ of female college athletes suffer from an eating disorder and at least ___ display eating behaviors that put them at risk for such disorders
9%; 33%
50
A full ___ of surveyed gymnasts appear to have an eating disorder
20%
51
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were more common among women ______ on the socioeconomic scale
Higher
52
In recent years, dieting and preoccupation with thinness have increased to some degree in which socioeconomic class?
All socioeconomic classes
53
Research suggests that as many as how much of families of people with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa have a long history of emphasizing thinness, physical appearance, and dieting?
As many as half of the families
54
What may also set the stage for an eating disorder according to family system theorists?
Abnormal interactions and forms of communication within a family
55
A family system in which members are over involved with each other’s affairs and over concerned about each other’s welfare
Enmeshed family pattern
56
Influential family theorist Salvador Minuchin believes that what he calls an enmeshed family pattern often leads to what?
Eating disorders
57
A survey conducted by Essence have found that the risk of today’s African American women developing eating disorders is approaching that of what race?
White American women
58
In one Taiwanese study ____ of the underweight girls aged 10-14 years old said they wished they were thinner
65%
59
What are some reasons for the different rates of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa between men and women?
- Western society’s double standard for attractiveness
- Different methods of weight loss favored by the two genders (exercise vs diet)
60
Why do some men develop anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?
- Requirements and pressures of a job or sport
- Body image (similar to woman)
- Muscle dysmorphobia*
61
What is reverse Anorexia nervosa?
Or muscle dysmorphobia; men with this disorder are very muscular but still see themselves as scrawny and small therefore continue to strive for a “perfect” body through extreme measures such excessive weight lifting or the abuse of steroids
62
What are the two goals for today’s treatment for eating disorders?
1. Correct the dangerous eating pattern as quickly as possible
2. Address the broader psychological and situational factors that have led to and maintain the eating problem
63
The immediate aims of treatment for anorexia nervosa are what?
To help people regain their lost weight, recover from malnourishment, and eat normally again
64
In life-threatening cases, what may clinicians be forced to do on a patience who refuses to eat?
Tube and intravenous feedings
65
Clinicians using behavioral weight restoration approaches offer ______ whenever patients eat properly or gain weight and offer no ______ when they eat improperly or fail to gain weight
Rewards; rewards
66
Perhaps the most popular weight restoration technique has been a combination of what? This technique is often called a Nutritional rehabilitation program
- supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and a relatively high calorie diet
- Nutritional rehabilitation program
67
What is motivation intervention?
An intervention in which they motivate clients to actively make and follow through on constructive choices regarding their eating behaviors and their lives
68
On the behavioral side of cognitive-behavioral therapy, clients are typically required to?
To monitor their feelings, hunger levels, and food intake and the ties between these variables
69
On the cognitive side of cognitive behavioral therapy, clients are taught to?
To identify their “core pathology”- the deep seated belief that they should in fact be judged by their shape and weight and by their ability to control these physical characteristics
70
Cognitive behavioral therapists may also teach clients to do what else?
- recognize their need for independence
- identify better and trust their internal sensations and feelings
- change their attitudes about eating and weight
- identify, challenge, and change maladaptive assumptions
- educate about the body distortions typical with anorexia nervosa
71
Family therapy can be an invaluable part of treatment for anorexia nervosa, particular for who?
Children and adolescents
72
Family therapists do what in therapy with clients with anorexia nervosa?
Meets with the family as a whole, points out troublesome family patterns, and helps the members make appropriate changes
73
In particular, family therapists may try to help the person with anorexia nervosa to?
Separate her feelings and needs from those of other members of her family
74
As many as what percentage of patients continue to show improvement when they are interviewed several years or more after their initial recovery?
85%
75
What are some positive things of the aftermath of anorexia nervosa?
- Weight is often quickly restored and may continue for years
-Females menstruate again
- Other musical improvements
- Death rate from anorexia nervosa seems to be falling
76
What is the negative side of the aftermath of anorexia nervosa?
- 25% of patients remain seriously troubled for years
- Recovery is not always permanent: at least 1/3 of recovered patients have recurrences of anorexia behavior
- about half of those who have suffered continue to have certain emotional problems: depression, obsessiveness, and social anxiety
77
What creates for a poorer recovery rate for anorexia nervosa?
- The more weight lost and the more time that passes before they enter treatment
- People who had psychological or sexual problems before the onset of the disorder
- People whose families are dysfunctional
- older patients
78
What two things seem to be more helpful in bulimia nervosa cases than Anorexia nervosa cases?
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Antidepressants
79
What behavioral techniques do therapists use for clients with bulimia nervosa?
- Use of diaries of their eating behavior, changes in sensations of hunger and fullness, and the ebb and flow of other feelings
- Exposure and response prevention
80
How may diaries help clients with bulimia nervosa?
Helps the clients to observe their eating patterns more objectively and recognize the emotions and situations that trigger their desire to binge
81
How does exposure and response prevention help clients with bulimia nervosa?
The therapists require clients to eat particular kinds and amounts of food and then prevent them from vomiting to show that eating can be a harmless and constructive activity that needs no undoing
82
What is a primary focus of cognitive behavioral therapists for clients with bulimia nervosa?
To recognize and change their maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape
83
Cognitive behavioral approaches seem to help as many as ___ of patients stop bingeing and purging
65%
84
What is a common alternative to cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa?
Interpersonal psychotherapy
85
What is interpersonal psychotherapy?
The treatment that is used to help improve interpersonal functioning
86
Research suggests that group formats are at least somewhat helpful for as many as ___ of people with bulimia nervosa
75%
87
What is often supplemented with the various forms of psychotherapy- cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, and psychodynamic- for bulimia nervosa cases?
Family therapy
88
Antidepressants help as many as __ of patients, reducing their binges by an average of __ and vomiting by __.
40%; 67%, 56%
89
Treatment for bulimia nervosa produces immediate significant improvement in approximately ___ of clients
40%
90
Another ___ show a moderate response (bulimia nervosa treatment). As many as ___ show little immediate improvement
40%; 20%
91
Follow-up studied, conducted years after treatment, suggest that as many as ___ of people with bulimia nervosa have recovered, either fully or partially
85%
92
What can be a problem even among people who respond successfully to treatment for bulimia nervosa?
Relapses
93
One study found that close to ___ of those who had recovered from bulimia nervosa relapsed within two years of treatment, usually within __ months
1/3; 6
94
Relapse is more likely among people who what?
- Had longer histories of bulimia nervosa before treatment
- Vomited more frequently during their disorder
- Continued to vomit at the end of treatment
- Had histories of substance abuse
- Made slower progress in the early stages of treatment
- Continue to be lonely or to distrust of others after treatment
95
In a follow up study of hospitalized patients with severe symptoms of binge eating disorder, ___ of those who had been treated still had the disorder 12 years after hospitalization and __ were still significantly overweight
1/3; 36%
