Ch. 14, 15 Spinal

Question 1

The spinal cord (Structures)

Answer 1

Structures:

• Cervical enlargement
• Lumbar enlargement
• Cauda equina

Characteristics:

• Spans from the foramen magnum to L2
• Spinal nerves go the rest of the length of the vertebral column
• Process information (reflexes)
• Pass information up and down the cord

Question 2

The Meninges

Answer 2

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Epidural space

Question 3

Dura mater

Answer 3

Very tough outer layer of connective tissue

Continuous with dura mater of brain

Question 4

Arachnoid mater

Answer 4

Spider web like connective tissue

Question 5

Pia mater

Answer 5

Inner layer of connective tissue

Bound tightly to surface of spinal cord

Question 6

Subdural space

Answer 6

Space below dura mater

Contains small amount os serous fluid

Question 7

Subarachnoid space

Answer 7

Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

Epidural space

Answer 8

Space between dura mater and vertebrae

Contains spinal nerve roots, blood vessels, fat

Question 9

Organization of neurons

Answer 9

Sensory Neuron: Lateral horn and dorsal horn
Motor/Autonomic Neuron: Ventral horn

Interneuron connects sensory and motor neurons

Question 10

Nerve tracts in spinal cord

Answer 10

There is an ascending track and a descending track. The spinal cord and the brain are very organized, with set pathways for particular purposes that are the same in just about everyone

Question 11

C1 (cervical plexus)

Answer 11

Connects to C2?

Question 12

C2 (cervical plexus)

Answer 12

Lesser occipital

Ansa cervicalis

Question 13

C3 (cervical plexus)

Answer 13

Transverse cervical

Ansa cervicalis

Question 14

C4 (cervical plexus)

Answer 14

Supraclavicular

Phrenic

Question 15

C5 (cervical plexus)

Answer 15

Phrenic

Question 16

C5 (brachial plexus)

Answer 16

Unique to C5

• Dorsal scapular (root)
• Subclavian (root)

C5-C6

• Thoracodorsal (post. divisions)
• Sub scapular (post. divisions)
• Supra scapular (ant. division)
• Axillary (post. divisions)
• Radial (post. divisions)
• Musculocutaneous (ant. division)
• Median (ant. division)

Question 17

C6 (brachial plexus)

Answer 17

C5-C6

• Thoracodorsal (post. divisions)
• Sub scapular (post. divisions)
• Supra scapular (ant. division)
• Axillary (post. divisions)
• Radial (post. divisions)
• Musculocutaneous (ant. division)
• Median (ant. division)

Question 18

C7 (brachial plexus)

Answer 18

• Axillary (post. divisions)
• Radial (post. divisions)
• Musculocutaneous (ant. division)
• Median (ant. division)

Question 19

C8-T1 (brachial plexus)

Answer 19

• Axillary (post. divisions)
• Radial (post. divisions)
• Median (ant. division)

Unique to C8-T1
- Ulner (ant. division)

Question 20

Axillary nerve

Answer 20

Abducts arm: Deltoid

Lateraly rotates arm: Teres minor

Question 21

Radial nerve

Answer 21

• Extend elbow: Triceps brachii, anconeus
• Flex elbow: Brachialis, brachioradialis
• Extends, abducts wrist: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
• Supinates: Supinator
• Extends fingers: Extensor digitorum
• Extends wrist: Extrnsor carpi ulnaris
• Abducts thumb: Abductor pollicis longus
• Extends thumb: Extensor pollicis longus and brevis

Question 22

Musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 22

Flexes shoulder: Coracobrachialis

Flexes elbow: Biceps brachii, brachialis

Question 23

Ulnar nerve

Answer 23

• Flexes wrist: Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexes fingers: Flexor digitorum profundus
• Adducts thumb: Adductor pollicis
• Abducts and adducts fingers

Question 24

Median nerve

Answer 24

• Pronates hand: Pronator teres
• Flexes wrist: Flexor carpi radialis, palmeris longus
• Flexes fingers: Flexor digitorum profundus, F.d. superficialis
• Flexes thumb: Flexor pollicis longus

Question 25

L2-L3

Answer 25

- Femoris (Ant. divisions) | - Obturator (Post. division)

Question 26

L4

Answer 26

- Femoris (Ant. divisions) - Obturator (Post. division) - Superior gluteal (Ant. divisions) - Inferior gluteal (Ant. divisions) - Sciatic: Peronial (Ant. divisions) and Tibial (Post. division)

Question 27

L5-S2

Answer 27

- Superior gluteal (Ant. divisions) - Inferior gluteal (Ant. divisions) - Sciatic: Peronial (Ant. divisions) and Tibial (Post. division)

Question 28

Obturator nerve

Answer 28

Lateral rotation | Adducts thigh: A. magnus, A. longus, A. brevis, Gracilis

Question 29

Femoral nerve

Answer 29

Flex hip; extend knee | Quadriceps, sartorius, iliacus

Question 30

Tibial nerve

Answer 30

- Flexes knee: Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembrinosus - Plantar flexes foot: Gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus - Flexes toes: Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus

Question 31

Peroneal nerve (fibular)

Answer 31

- Flexes knee: Biceps femoris - Dorsiflexes foot: Tibialis anterior, Fibularis tertius - Extends toes: Extensor digitorum longus and brevis Extensor hallucis longus - Plantar flexes foot: Fibularis longus and brevis

Question 32

Dermatomes

Answer 32

A sensory map of the body for the various spinal nerves

Question 33

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 33

Carries information on pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle and itch through the anteriolateral tracts

Question 34

Dorsal column

Answer 34

Carries information on two point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration

Question 35

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Answer 35

Carry proprioceptive information to the cerebellum The current state of the muscles’ contraction is essential for coordinated movement

Question 36

Direct pathway

Answer 36

The axons of neurons in the motor cortex go through the descending tracts and stimulate motor neurons

Question 37

Indirect pathway

Answer 37

The axons from neurons in the motor cortex go to neurons in the basal nuclei Feedback to the motor cortex and input and coordination with the nuclei and the cerebellum Axon go through descending tracts and stimulate motor neurons