Ch. 18 Senses

Question 1

Rods and cones

Answer 1

Folded disc membranes contain pigments that absorb light.

Rods: Most of visible spectrum

Cones: 3 types: Specific wavelengths of light Color vision

Question 2

Structure of the Retina (Going deep)

Answer 2

• Blood vessels and nerve fibers
• Ganglion Cell
• Interplexoform cell
• Bipolar cell
• Horizontal cell
• Cone
• Rod

Question 3

Focus and accommodation

Answer 3

Refraction of light through the cornea and the lens

Change the shape of the lens and the focal point changes

We focus on near or distant objects

Lens flattens for distant objects, shortens for close objects

Question 4

The optic chasm (binocular vision)

Answer 4

Images captured on the left side of both eyes are processed in the left visual cortex

A comparison of the images gives depth of view

Question 5

Visceral Senses

Answer 5

Hunger, nausea, irritation, chemical, temperature, stretch, pain

Question 6

Somatic Senses

Answer 6

Vibration, pressure, stretch, temperature, touch, pain

Question 7

Sensory receptors (surface to deep)

Answer 7

• Merkel discs (light touch)
• Meissner corpuscle (touch, two point)
• Free nerve ends (pain, itch, temp, movement)
• Ruffini end organ (touch, stretch, pressure)
• Follicle receptor (bending hair)
• Pacinian corpuscle (pressure)

Question 8

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 8

Responds to mechanical force

Question 9

Thermoreceptor

Answer 9

Responds to change in temperature

Question 10

Chemoreceptor

Answer 10

Responds to chemicals

Question 11

Photoreceptor

Answer 11

Responds to light (photons)

Question 12

Nocireceptor

Answer 12

Responds to harm (damage)

Question 13

Primary receptors (Responses)

Answer 13

The receptor is on the axon of the neuron and triggers an action potential

Question 14

Secondary receptor (Responses)

Answer 14

The receptor has a synapse on the neuron and a chemical signal triggers action potential

Question 15

Accommodation (adaptation)

Responses

Answer 15

Decreased sensitivity to a persistant stimulus

Question 16

Special senses

Answer 16

Senses that are confined to an organ
	Olfaction (smell)
	Taste
	Vision
	Hearing
	Balance

Question 17

Muscles of the eye

Answer 17

Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

Question 18

Superior rectus (muscle)

Answer 18

Elevates, medially deviates eye

Question 19

Medial rectus (muscle)

Answer 19

Medially deviates eye

Question 20

Lateral rectus (muscle)

Answer 20

Laterally deviates eye

Question 21

Inferior rectus (muscle)

Answer 21

Depresses, medially deviates eye

Question 22

Superior oblique (muscle)

Answer 22

Depresses, laterally deviates eye

Question 23

Inferior oblique (muscle)

Answer 23

Elevates, laterally deviates eye

Question 24

External ear

Answer 24

Function is to gather in the sound waves

Question 25

Middle ear

Answer 25

Where we transmit vibrations through to the inner ear

Question 26

Inner ear

Answer 26

Where we register sound

Question 27

Determining sound frequency

Answer 27

The thickness of the basilar membrane determines where a sound of a certain frequency passes through Vibrations disturb hair cells opening K+ channels depolarizing hair cells

Question 28

Balance

Answer 28

Registered by the vestibule and the semicircular canals

Question 29

Olfactory Senses (Surface to deep)

Answer 29

``` Olfactory vesicle Cilia (olfactory hairs) Dendrite Olfactory neuron Support cell Basal cell Axon Foramen in cribiform plate Mitral cell ```

Question 30

Neuronal Pathways (Olfaction)

Answer 30

1. Olfactory nerve fibers & Olfactory bulb 2. Olfactory tract 3. Medial olfactory area 4. Intermediate olfactory area 5. Lateral olfactory area

Question 31

Taste (Structures)

Answer 31

Epiglottis, Palatine tonsil, Vallate papilla, Filiform papilla, Dorsum, Foliate papilla

Question 32

Taste buds (Surface to deep)

Answer 32

- Taste pore - Gustatory hairs - Taste cell - Support cell - Basal cell - Sensory Neuron

Question 33

Neuronal Pathways (Taste)

Answer 33

- Vagus (X) - Glossopharyngeal IX - Facial VII - Trigeminal V All go to the Thalamus, then to Taste area of cortex

Question 34

``` Lacrimal apparatus (tears) Pathway ```

Answer 34

1. Lacrimal gland 2. Lacrimal ducts 3. Punctum 4. Lacrimal canaliculi 5. Lacrimal sac 6. Nasolacrimal duct

Question 35

Visible light

Answer 35

380-750nm

Question 36

Neuronal Pathways: Hearing

Answer 36

Vestibulocochlear nerve to cochlear nucleus To the olivary nucleus or the inferior colliculus To the thalamus To the auditory cortex

Question 37

Neuronal Pathways: Balance

Answer 37

Vestibulocochlear nerve to vestibular nucleus To cerebellum that affects postural muscles To motor nuclei that control eye movement To thalamus To vestibular area of cortex