Ch. 16 Innate Immunity Part 1

Question 1

what is innate immunity?

Answer 1

in born; always present; nonspecific

Question 2

what is the first line of dense?

Answer 2

intact skin

mucous membrane & their secretions

normal microbiota

Question 3

what is the second line of defense?

Answer 3

Phagocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells & macrophages)

Inflammation

Fever

Antimicrobial substances

Question 4

what is the third line of defense?

Answer 4

specialized lymphocytes T cell and B cells

antibodies

stimulated by the presence of antigens

Question 5

what do activated Toll-like receptors on host cells do?

Answer 5

recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns

induces the release of cytokines

Question 6

what do cytokines do?

Answer 6

regulate immune response

activate macrophages

chemotactic effects

inflammatory response/ fever

activate T, B cells

Question 7

what is the skin comprised of?
(physical factor)

Answer 7

comprised of epidermis & dermis; protective keratin layer on epidermis

Question 8

what is a subcutaneous infection?

Answer 8

when skin is penetrated

Question 9

what do mucous membranes do?

Answer 9

line GI, GU & respiratory tracts; epithelial & connective tissue layers

Question 10

what does mucus do?

Answer 10

traps microbes moistens surfaces

Question 11

what do tears and salvia do?

Answer 11

prevent the colonization of microbes

Question 12

what do hair nose and cilia do?

Answer 12

trap microbes

Question 13

what do the epiglottis, ear wax, and digestion do?

Answer 13

eliminates microbes

Question 14

what are the chemical factors of skin?

Answer 14

sebum (oily secretion) forms a film on the skin

contains fatty acids & low pH

perspiration

Question 15

what do fatty acids & low pH prevent?

Answer 15

colonization of pathogens

Question 16

what is perspiration?

Answer 16

high salt
contain lysozyme ( found in tears Slavia)

Question 17

what does your saliva contain?

Answer 17

lysozyme
urea
uric acid
antibody

Question 18

what does your gastric stomach juice contain?

Answer 18

pH 1-3 due to HCL

Question 19

what do your vaginal secretions contain?

Answer 19

acidic pH

Question 20

what does urine contain?

Answer 20

lysozyme
pH 6

Question 21

what does your normal microbiota do as 1st line of defense?

Answer 21

microbial antagonism, alteration of physical & chemical conditions

prevents colonization by pathogens

Question 22

describe neutrophils

Answer 22

phagocytic

active in the initial stages of infection

do the bulk of the work

can exit blood & enter infected tissue

Question 23

describe basophils

Answer 23

release components promoting

inflammatory & allergic responses (histamine)

Question 24

describe eosinophils

Answer 24

phagocytic

exit blood

release toxins

deal with the large multicellular pathogen

Question 25

what do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 25

macrophages & dendritic cells in lymphatic tissue

Question 26

describe monocytes dendritic cells, & macrophages

Answer 26

phagocytic cell types are also antigen-presenting cells ( work w/an adaptive immunity system)

Question 27

what are agranulotic leukocytes?

Answer 27

lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells T cells B cells

Question 28

what are natural killer cells?

Answer 28

kill infected body cells & some tumor cells recognize abnormalities in the plasma membrane destroy host cells that are infected and cancerous those that lack MHC antigens

Question 29

what are T cells?

Answer 29

intracellular pathogens modulate the specific immune response

Question 30

what are B cells?

Answer 30

extracellular pathogens produce antibodies to bind antigens

Question 31

what does the binding of NK cells target?

Answer 31

stimulates the secretion of perforins ( inserts in the membrane of target cell causing lysis)

Question 32

what do natural killer cells release?

Answer 32

granzymes ( induce apoptosis in target cell)

Question 33

MHC Class II

Answer 33

antigen-presenting cells macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

Question 34

MHC Class I

Answer 34

nucleated mammalian cells all other cells that are not class II are type I

Question 35

what does the lymphatic system do?

Answer 35

protect against inhaled ingested microbes contain T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, & macrophages

Question 36

what is the process of phagocytosis?

Answer 36

chemotaxis - macrophages come to phagocytic cell adherence - sticks to pathogen ingestion- engulfing the pathogen digestion-breaks it & lysis it

Question 37

what do monocytes & granulocytes do?

Answer 37

migrate to the site of infection

Question 38

monocytes differentiate into macrophages:

Answer 38

fixed; stay in one spot Free; wandering or moving around

Question 39

granulocytes dominate when?

Answer 39

in the early stage of infection

Question 40

when do macrophages dominate?

Answer 40

predominate later

Question 41

what are chemotactic chemicals?

Answer 41

microbial products components of damaged tissue cytokines

Question 42

what is adherence?

Answer 42

adherence via PAMPS to toll-like receptors release of cytokines opsonization facilitates phagocytosis target coated with serum proteins (opsonins), antibodies complement

Question 43

what happens during ingestion?

Answer 43

phagosome formation

Question 44

what happens during digestion?

Answer 44

fusion of phagosome with lysozyme enzymatic digestion production of oxygen radicals & peroxides

Question 45

what is phagocytosis enhanced by?

Answer 45

opsonization

Question 46

what is opsonization?

Answer 46

a combination of innate & immune responses engulfment of capsulated bacteria via anti-capsular antibodies phagocytic cells recognized & ingested bacteria