Ch.16 Innate Immunity Part 2

Question 1

what are some inflammation responses?

Answer 1

Redness
pain
heat
swelling
may or may not have a loss of function

Question 2

what are some inflammation responses functions?

Answer 2

(a) destroy/remove agent;

(b) confine agent to local area;

(c) repair/replace damaged tissue

Question 3

what happens during early stage of inflammation ?

Answer 3

Cytokine release – TNF-tumor necrosis factor –> induces formation of
acute-phase proteins

Question 4

what are the stages of inflammation?

Answer 4

vasodilation

phagocyte migration

phagocytosis

repair

Question 5

what does vasodilation do?

Answer 5

increases blood flow in the area (redness & heat)

Question 6

what is vasodilation triggered by?

Answer 6

chemicals

histamine

kinins

Question 7

what does increased permeability do?

Answer 7

permits entry of blood cells into the site (edema, swelling)

Question 8

what is increased permeability permits entry of blood cells into the site (edema, swelling) due to?

Answer 8

kinins

leukotrienes (mast cells)

Question 9

steps to the inflammatory response

Answer 9

1. chemicals such as histamine kinins, prostaglandin leukotrienes, and cytokines are released by damaged cells
2. Blood clot forms
3. Abcess starts to form
4. margination- phagocytes
   stick to blood vessel walls
5. Diapedisis-phagocytes squeeze between cells. exiting blood vessel
6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs
7. phagocytosis removes microbes, and damaged tissue; pus formation
8. tissue repair; replacements of dead, damaged tissues

Question 10

in response to cytokines, what does it cause?

Answer 10

cause phagocytes to stick to blood vessel walls margination

Question 11

what happens during diapedesis?

Answer 11

phagocytes squeeze between cells. exiting blood vessel

Question 12

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 12

body’s thermostat

regulates body temp

Question 13

what causes fevers?

Answer 13

pyrogens

Question 14

what are exogenous pyrogens?

Answer 14

outside the body (bacteria viruses, others)

Question 15

what are endogenous pyrogens (interleukin-1)?

Answer 15

act on the hypothalamus raising the temperature set point

Question 16

what does elevated temperature cause?

Answer 16

slow pathogen growth

increases T cell activity

lowers the concentration of available iron

Question 17

what does the complement cascade rely on?

Answer 17

on soluble protein factors in the blood to attack bacterial pathogens

Question 18

define classical pathway

Answer 18

C3 is activated by contact between complement and pathogen via antibodies

Question 19

define alternate pathway

Answer 19

C3 is activated by contact between complement & pathogen via surface glycolipid complexes

Question 20

define lectin pathway

Answer 20

C3 is activated by contact between lectin & pathogen via surface-specific carbohydrates

ex: mannose

Question 21

what are the effects of complement?

Answer 21

opsonization

inflammation

cytolysis

Question 22

how does complement affect opsonization?

Answer 22

activated C3b proteins bind microbe;

phagocyte binds to C3b-> enhances phagocytosis

Question 23

how does complement affect inflammation?

Answer 23

C3a & C5a bind mast cells causing the release of histamine, kinins

C5a also acts as a chemoattractant for phagocytes

Question 24

how does complement affect cytolysis?

Answer 24

C3b proteins split C5 -> C5a + C5b

C5b promotes the formation of a complete protein complex that inserts into the plasma

form membrane attack complex MAC

channels form in the microbe causing lysis

Question 25

what interferons?

Answer 25

cytokines that interfere with viral replication

Question 26

how are interferons produced?

Answer 26

in response to infection

Question 27

what kind of action is interferons?

Answer 27

is host specific

Question 28

what are type 1 interferons?

Answer 28

high antiviral potency

bind receptors on uninfected host cell

renders them resistant to viral infection

Question 29

what are type 2 interferons?

Answer 29

activates neutrophils and macrophages;

increases MHC antigen on their surface

Question 30

describe interferons

Answer 30

not very long-acting

not very stable

toxic in high doses

effective in acute viral infection

cannot help virus-infected cells

Question 31

what binds free irons in the human body?

Answer 31

transferrins

lactoferrins

ferritin

hemoglobin

Question 32

what are antimicrobial substances?

Answer 32

iron-binding proteins

compete with pathogens for iron

required as a cofactor for many enzymes

Question 33

what do pathogens produce to bind iron?

Answer 33

pathogens produce siderophores to bind

Question 34

what is AMPS synthesis triggered by?

Answer 34

proteins

carbohydrate molecules on microbial cell surface

Question 35

what does AMP act against?

Answer 35

bacteria
viruses
fungi
eukaryotic parasites

Question 36

how does AMP kill?

Answer 36

by lysing cells

inhibiting cell wall synthesis

hydrolyzing DNA, RNA

Question 37

what does AMP attract?

Answer 37

dendritic & mast cells