Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards by Tsion Solomon

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

*single, circular chromosome located in non-membrane bound nucleoid region

*lack organelles

*lack prominent cytoskeleton

*non-cellulosic cell wall

*divide by binary fission

*domains Bacteria and Archea

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What are chacterstics of Eukaryotes?

*multiple, linear chromosome located in a membrane bound nucleus

*membrane-bound organelles

*extensive, organized cytoskeleton

*Cell division: mitosis meiosis

*cell walls of cellulose

*domain Eukarya

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What does the bacterial cell cytoplasm contain?

*protiens, RNA, macromolecules

*Water

*Inorganic ions

*small organic molecules

*nucleoid:DNA

*ribosomes

*plasmids

*inclusions

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what are the external structure of bacterial cell?

*pili

*fimbriae

*Flagellum/flagella

*glycocalyx

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What does the inner cell membrane of a bacterial cell contain?

*phospholids

*proteins-transport enzymes

*maintain gradients

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What is a bacterial cell wall composed of ?

peptidoglycan

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Does the gram-positive of bacteria cell have thick or thin cell wall?

thick cell wall

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What does the following characteristics describe…..
*thin cell wall
*outer cell membrane
*lipopolysaccharide

Gram-negative bacteria

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What is the general term for extracellular polysaccharide-protein secretions?

glycocalyx

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Describe Capsules

more organized and tightly associated to the cell

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Describe slime layer

a looser assemblage

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what allows for resistance to phagocytosis as virulence factor ?

Capsule and slime layer

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What serves to provide motility via rotary motion like propeller?

Flagella

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what is H antigen?

flagellin protein

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what is the flagellar motion?

clockwise (TUMBLE)

counter-clockwise rotary motion (RUN)

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What are axial filaments?

protein fibers attached to both poles of cell and wrap around the cell underneath an outer sheath

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What are fimbriae and pili comprised of ?

comprised of protein pilin

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what are hair-like appendages, shorter than flagella?

Fimbriae and Pili

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what is fimbriae used for?

*for attachment to surfaces or cells

*important in biofilm formation

*can be virulence factor

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What is pili used for?

*In DNA transfer (conjugation using sex pilus)

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what does the bacteria cell wall do?

*provides protection
* confers shape
*helps withstand changes in osmotic pressure

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What is linked to plasma membrane in gram postive?

Lipoteichoic acids

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what is linked to peptidoglycan in gram positive cells?

Wall teichoic acids

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are teichoic acids positively or negatively charged?

negatively

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describe gram-negative bacteria:

only 1 to a few peptidoglycan layers; bonded to an outermsmbrane via lipoproteins

what does the gram-negative outer membrane consist of ?

Porins:permit entry of metabolically important molecules

what is the function of gram-negative outer membrane?

provides a barrier to certain antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents; a defense against complement and phagocytosis

what does the LPS of the outer membrane consist of?

* core polysaccharide *Lipid A *O polysaccharide

what is released when cell dies; functions as endotoxin?

lipid A

what is linked to core polysaccharide; composed of multiple sugars; confers antigenicity?

O polysaccharide

what is between the inner membrane and outer membrane?

periplasm

what is the smallest bacteria that lack cell wall?

mycoplasma

what is Archie cell wall comprised of ?

pseudomurien

Which statement(s) among A – F is true? A. Pasteur's Germ Theory of Fermentation explains the nature of infectious disease. B. Ecologically speaking, you are considered a producer. C. The common cold virus: example of an EID (emerging infectious disease) D. Handwashing with soap = sterilizing method E. Vaccines work by stimulating your body to produce antigens. F. Some microbe types can “eat” completely inorganic materials for energy.

F. Some microbe types can “eat” completely inorganic materials for energy.

The most abundant molecule in a prokaryote cell would be... A. DNA B. Protein C. Water molecules D. RNA E. Lipids (fats)

protein

ribosome

sites of protein synthesis; consist of ribsomal RNA’s and proteins -assembled into subsunits, large and small that combine to forms the larger functional ribsome -polyribsome formation 30s+50s=70s -antibotic targets

what is porins?

permit enetry of metabolically important molecules

membrane proteins provide functionality :

-transport -structural support -metabolic activity -communication

Passive diffusion

simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion: osmosis (diffusion of water)

concentration gradient

molecule diffuses passively down their gradient High concentration-> low concentration

Simple diffusion through

the lipid bilayer

osmosis

diffusion of water across membrane; water molecules move towards area of high solute concentration

hypotonic

:water moves into the cell. If the cell wall is strong, it contains the swelling.If the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts(osmotic lysis)

Active transport

requires energy input; for transport of molecules moving against their concentran gradients(low conntration)-> high conentration

hypertonic

water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

isotonic

no net movement of water occurs

what are cytoplasms solutes?

Solutes: waters, proteins, ions, sugars, lipids

what is chemotaxis?

the migration of cells toward attractant chemicals

what kind of movement do axial filaments produce?

produces corkscrew motion

Polysaccharide granules:

glycogen, starch to glucose polymers

Metachromatic granules (volutin):

stores inorganic phosphate

Lipid inclusions:

PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate)

Sulfur granules:

from oxidation of H2 S (lithotrophy) H2S -> S 0 (insoluble granules)

Magnetosomes (for magnetotaxis)

Move down to depths of lower oxygen Comprised of magnetite (Fe3O 4) crystals – Orient along the magnetic field – Bacteria are anaerobic or microaeroph

Gas vacuoles are used for?

to maintain proper depth for optimum O2 , light, nutrient

what are carboxysomes?

protein-covered bodies containing Rubisco, the CO2 fixation enzyme; found in photo-, chemo-autotrophs

what are chromatophores?

containing photosynthetic pigments enzymes involved in photosynthesis

how are endospores formed?

Under environmental stress

members of what genera form endospores?

members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium

endospores are highly resistant to what?

heating, freezing, radiation, chemicals, loss of water

Morphologies of endospore-forming bacteria

terminal, subterminal, central, swollen, non-swollen REMBER PICTURE

what is the origin of eukaryotes to prokaryotes?

Endosymbiont theory

what is the evidence for Endosymbiont theory?

-have size similar to bacteria -posses circular DNA (like bacteria) -Can duplicate themselves -affected by antibiotics that inhibit bacteria

Mycobacterium cell wall

acid-fast – contains waxy mycolic acids external to the peptidoglycan cell wall

Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

(64 cards)