Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You (lecture) Flashcards by Tsion Solomon

What did Robert Hooke contribute to?

-Use of the first microscope(30x)
-Published drawings in Micrographia

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What did Robert Hooke view in the microscope?

-viewed the macroscopic life (e.g., insects, molds)

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Who was the first to observe single-celled microbes(“animalcules”)?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Define spontaneous generation:

life from non-life; abiogenesis

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What do the cellular properties of microbes possess?

-a genome
-metabolize
-respond to change/evolve reproduce

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What are cellular microbes?

-Fungi (yeasts, molds)
-Protista(Algae,protozoans)
-Bacteria(E.coli)
-Archea(cyanobacteria)

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What are acellular microbes?

-Viruses
-Viroids
-Prions

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What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes(bacteria and archaea)?

-Lack of nucleus & organelles
-Single circular Chromosome
-Asexual reproduction
-Cell Wall is common
-Diverse metabolisms(autotrophs & heterotrophs)

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What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes (fungi, protists)?

-larger
-posses nucleus
-organelles
-reproduce asexually or sexually
-multiple, linear chromosome

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What is archaea classified as?

extremophiles

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What are the characteristics of Thermophile microbes?

-grow in hot temperatures (70-110 C)
-hyperthermophiles(>80 C)
-Aerobic/anaerobic
-Sulfur metabolizers

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What are the characteristics of Methanogen microbes?

-produce methane
-anaerobic
-found in sewage treatment plants, landfills, ruminant animals
-thermophilic types

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What are the characteristics of Halophile microbes?

-require 12-30% NaCl for growth
-Non-chlorophyll based photosynthetic types
-Aerobic

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What are viruses?

Rna or Dna contains an acellular particle

Parasitic

Require host cells

Takes over host cell

machinery to replicate

Acellular

Made of 1 type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA

Not considered living

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Who discovered prokaryotes in extreme environments?

Carl Woese

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An example of multicellular assemblages?

biofilms

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What did the Spallanzani experiment attempt to refute?

Spontaneous generation

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What is kingdom Monera broken down to?

-bacteria domain
-Archaea domain

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what did the spallanazani expirement consist of?

sealed, sterilized flask failed to grow microbes—-> proponents of abiogenesis lack access to O2 prevented growth

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Who refuted spontaneous generation?

Francesco Redi

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What did Louis Pasteur study?

studied fermentations of wine/beer; thought to be a strictly abiological process

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What did Louis Pasteur discover?

discovered that yeast carry out fermentation;

in the absence of oxygen(anaerobic),yeast produce(ethanol)

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What did Louis Pasteur refute?

-The idea that oxygen is required for growth

-devised the swan neck flask-admitted air but prevented travel of microbe-carrying dust

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What did Robert Koch establish scientific principles for?

Linking a specific microbe to a specific disease; established chain of infection

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Define pure cultures:

isolation of distinct colonies each orginating from a single cell required solid substrate

What did Edward Jenner do?

Used a less virulent form of chicken pox vaccine

Who attenuated vaccines for fowl cholera & rabies?

Pasteur

What is a vaccination?

use a less virulent form of pathogen

How were vaccines attenuated?

heat/chemical treatment

who first used antisepsis?

Semmelewis

who first used disinfection?

Lister

How were microbes produced?

naturally by microbes

What are the fundamental metabolic types?

Heterotrophs & Autotrophs

What is the interconversion of inorganic & organic forms N, S, P, C, and other minerals?

Geochemical cycling by bacteria

what are generally harmless microbes that live stably on and in our bodies?

Normal microbiota or microbe

What is called when a pathogen successfully enters the host, establishes itself, and produces a disease system?

infectious disease

What is biofilms?

when bacteria form specialized surface-attached communities

What are emerging infectious diseases?

unknown disease outbreaks

How does EID arise?

-Mutation -Acquisition of new genes -Recombination of genomes -Cultural & environmental factors

what are some examples of EIDs?

-ebola virus -SARS -MERS -MRSA VRSA -West Nile virus -Swine Flu -Bird Flu -Zika Virus

Microbe types which choice below is true? A. algae: heterotrophic eukaryote B. bacteria: similar to archaea in that they both lack a nucleus C. virus: a type of prokaryote cell D. archaea: generally found in habitats with moderate environmental conditions E. protozoan: type of photosynthetic fungus F. eukarya: has some similarities in common to archaea that they (eukarya) DO NOT share with bacteria G. Two of the above is true

G. Two of the above is true

Microbial size ranges.

Eukaryotic microbes: 20-100 um Prokaryotes microbes: 1-10um Viruses:0.02 um-0.09 um (20-900 um)

What are generally not considered microbes?

Multicellular “micro-animals” are not microbes Ex: water bear Cells comprising tissues are not microbes

Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea):

Lack of a nucleus and organelles Single circular chromosome Asexual reproduction The cell wall is common

Eukaryotes (fungi, protists):

Larger, posses nucleus organelles Reproduce asexually or sexually Multiple linear chromosomes

Thermophiles:

Grow in hot temperatures(70-110 C) aerobic /anaerobic hyper thermopiles Sulfur metabolizers

Methanogens:

Produce methane Anaerobic Found in swap(sewage treatment plants,landfills, ruminant animals) Themophiclic types

Halophiles

Require 12-30% NaCl for growth

Bacteria:

-Green nonsulfur bacteria -Gram-positive bacteria -Proteobacteria -Cyanobacteria -Spirochetes -Thermotogales

Archaea:

-crenarchota -hyperthermophiles -Sulfur oxidizers -Halophiles -Methanogens -Eukayarchaota

Eukarya:

-microsporidian -diplomonads -trichomonads -Flagellaates -Ciliates -Plants -Fungi -Animals -Slime molds -entamoebas

Acellular:

Viruses composed of protein, nuclic acid Viroids composed of RNA Prions composed protein

Fungi

Eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells’ DNA) Either unicellular or multicellular Primarily composed chitlin Can reproduce sexually or asexually Obtain nourishment by absorbing organic material from their environment

Protoza:

Are unicellular eukaryotic microbes Move by pseudopods, flagella or cilia They use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide Can produce sexually or asexually

Algae

Photosynthetic eukaryotes Sexual and asexual reproduction forms Cell walls are composed of cellulose Abundant in freshwater salt water and soil Produce oxygen and carbohydrates Play an important role in the balance of nature

Similarities between eukaryotic & prokaryotic:

both contain nucleic acids Proteins Kioids Carbohydrates Some kinds of chemical reactions metabolize

Slime layer

looser assemblage

what can be virulent factor in pathogens?

Slime layer

what serves to provide motility via rotary motion like a propeller consist of:

flagella protein

what are axial filaments?

are protein fibers attached to both poles of cell and wrap around the cell, underneath an outer sheath

what is pili?

hair like appendages shorter and thinner than flagella

what is fimbraie ?

few to >100 on cell; for attachment to surfaces or cells -important in biofilm formation -can be a virulence factor

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You (lecture) Flashcards

(62 cards)