Ch. 17: Cerebrum Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
diencephalon
A
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- subthalamus
2
Q
Nonspecific Nuclei
A
- regulate arousal, consciousness and attention
- receives multiple inputs and projects to widespread cortical areas
- includes reticular nuclei
3
Q
Association Cortices
A
- areas not directly involved with movement or sensation
- 3 parts: dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex, parietotemporal assoc cortex, ventral and medial dorsal assoc cortex
4
Q
Pineal Gland
A
- endocrine gland innervated by sympathetic fibers
- regulate circadian rhythm & influence secretions of pituitary gland, adrenals, islets of langerhans and parathyroids
5
Q
Subcortical White Matter
A
- connections to and from cortical layer
- 3 types: projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers
6
Q
Association Nuclei
A
- process emotional and some memory info
- integrate types of sensations
7
Q
3 Subcortical Structures
A
- subcortical white matter
- basal ganglia
- nucleus accumbens
8
Q
Projection Fibers
A
- in and out of cerebrum (vertical)
- from subcortical to cerebral cortex
- from cortex to SC, brain stem, basal ganglia, thalamus
Ex. Internal capsule
9
Q
Example of projection fibers
A
-internal capsule
10
Q
Relay Nuclei
A
-convey info from sensory stems, (not olfactory) the basal ganglia or cerebellum to cortex
11
Q
Commissural Fibers
A
- between hemispheres
- connect homologous structures of L & R
Ex. corpus collosum
12
Q
Example of Commissural Fibers
A
corpus callosum
13
Q
Thalamus
A
- relay nuclei
- association nuclei
- nonspecific nuclei
-executive assistant to cerebral cortex
14
Q
Primary Vestibular Cortex function
A
-info regarding head movement/position relative to gravity
15
Q
Primary Vestibular cortex location
A
-lateral parietal lobe post to posterior central gyrus
16
Q
Somatosensory association area
A
- integrate tactile/proprioception from manipulation of objects
- provide stereognosis
- compare objects to memories
17
Q
Somatosensory association area location
A
-parietal lobe post to posterior central gyrus
18
Q
Dorsolateral prefrontal association area
A
- self-awareness and executive function
- deciding on GOALs
- PLAN how to accomplish goal
- EXECUTING a plan
- monitoring execution of plan
- what behavior to avoid
19
Q
Location of prefrontal association area
A
-lateral anterior frontal lobe
20
Q
visual association area
A
- analyzes color/motion (inf colliculus)
- output to tectum
- directs visual fixation
- maintenance of objects in central vision
21
Q
Location of visual association area
A
- occipital lobe
- except very back portion
22
Q
Subthalamus
A
- part of basal ganglia circuit regulating movement
- superior to substantia nigra
- facilitate basal ganglia output nuclei
23
Q
Auditory association area
A
- compare sounds to memories of sounds
- categorizes sounds as language, music and noise
24
Q
Location of auditory association area
A
-temporal lobe
25
epithalamus
- help regulate circadian rhythm & hormone secretion
| - pineal gland
26
Parietotemporal association cortex
- cognitive intelligence
- problem solving
- communication comprehension
- spatial relationships
27
Location of parietotemporal association cortex
-lateral parietal and temporal lobes
28
Primary somatosensory cortex
- info from tactile/proprioceptive receptors
- identify location of stimuli/discriminate objects
- nociception/temperature
29
location of somatosensory cortex
-post central gyrus
30
primary visual cortex
- info from retina
| - distinguish light/dark, shapes, location
31
location of primary visual cortex
-posterior occipital lobe
32
Ventral & Medial Dorsal Association Cortex
- impulse control
- personality
- reaction to surroundings
- connect to areas regulating mood and affect
- perceive others' emotions, beliefs, intentions
33
Location of Ventral & Medial Dorsal Association Cortex
-ant frontal lobe
34
Primary auditory cortex
- info from cochlea
| - conscious awareness to intensity of sounds
35
Location of Primary auditory cortex
sup, ant temporal lobe
36
secondary sensory association areas
-analyze sensory input from thalamus and primary sensory cortex
37
prolonged stress-->
increased cortisol levels which suppress immune system
38
Encoding
- processes info into memory representation
| - enhanced by paying attn, emotional arousal, link new to old, review
39
3 stages of declarative memory
- encoding
- consolidation
- retrieval
40
Broca's Area
-planning movement of mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language
41
Location of broca's area
- usually L hemisphere
| - lateral frontal lobe
42
Hypothalamus
- integrate behaviors with visceral functions
- regulates eating, reproduction, defensive behavior
- regulate expression of emotion
- regulate circadian rhythms
- moderate endocrine, regulate growth, metabolism & reproductive organs
- maintain homeostasis
43
Basal Ganglia
- cognitive + motor function
- awareness of body in space
- memory of object location
- motivation
- ability to change behaviors as task requirements change
44
Association Fibers
- within hemisphere of cerebrum (front to back fibers)
- connect cortical regions within one hemisphere
Short: connect adjacent gyri
Long: connect lobes in hemisphere
Ex. cingulum
45
example of association fibers
-Cingulum
46
Hypothalamus integrates behavior with visceral function by:
- regulating pituitary gland secretions
- efferent connections to cortex
- limbic system
- brain stem and spinal cord
47
nucleus accumbens
-link motivation to behavior/action
48
declarative memory
- Info: facts, events, concepts, locations
| - Location: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
49
5 motor planning areas
- premotor
- supplementary motor
- broca's area
- area analogous to broca's
- primary motor
50
Area analogous to broca's area
- plans nonverbal communication
| - emotional gestures and adjusting tone of voice
51
Neuroendocrine stress response
- (hormonal)
- symp nerve stim-->increase release epinephrine from adrenal medulla-->increase HR and contractility & relaxed GI and increased metab rate
52
Premotor cortex
-control trunk and girdle muscles via medial UMN
53
location of premotor cortex
ant to precentral gyrus, lateral ish
54
procedural memory
- skilled movements and habits
- things you do without thinking about
- location: frontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia
55
supplementary motor cortex
- initiation of movement
- orientation of eyes and head
- planning bimanual and sequential movements
56
Emotion
- short term subjective experience
| - 5 structures: amygdala, area 25, mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, ventral striatum, ant insula
57
5 structures of emotion
- amygdala
- area 25
- mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
- ventral striatum
- anterior insula
58
Lateralization of emotion
+ emotions: left prefrontal cortex
| - emotions: right prefrontal cortex
59
Consolidation
- stabilizes memories
| - 2 ways: synaptic (LTP), systems (across larger neural networks)
60
3 Stages of procedural memory
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
61
Somatic stress response
- motor neuron activity increases muscle tension
| eg. nucleus accumbens
62
primary motor cortex
- receives somatosensation from thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex
- receive motor instructions from mottor planning areas
63
Mood
-sustained subjective, ongoing emotional response
64
retrieval
- pulling memories to surface
| - use diff brain parts depending on how old memory is
65
components of communication
- comprehension of speech
- comprehension of nonverbals and paraverbals
- creation of spoken language
- creation of nonspoken language/paraverbals
- creation of motor commands for spoken language
66
Wernicke's Area
| in communication
comprehension of spoken language
67
area corresponding with wernicke's area
| in communication
-comprehension of nonverbals and paraverpals
68
area corresponding to broca's
| in communication
-creation of nonverbals and paraverbals
69
perception
-interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms
70
body in relation to self
| in communication
-ex. knowing hand is distal to forearm
71
broca's area
| in communication
- creation of spoken language
| - gramatical function words (a, an, the)
72
premotor and primary motor areas
| in communication
-creation of motor commands for spoken language
73
Spatial relationships
- mediated by area corresponding to wernicke's area
| - 3 components: body in relation to self, body in relation to environment, environment in relation to self
74
body in relation to environment
- able to locate object in space
- navigate accurately
- find way w/n rooms, halls, outside
75
Environment in relation to self
-provide info necessary to plan route from one site to other
76
aspects of consciousness include:
- general level of arousal
- attention
- selection of object attention based on goals
- motivation and initiation for motor activation and cognition
- each aspect from specific NT
77
use of visual info
- dorsal action stream
| - ventral action stream
78
working memory
- goal relevant info for short time
| - location: prefrontal and parietotemporal association cortex
79
perception takes place in:
parietotemporal lobe
80
consolidation takes place in:
medial temporal lobe
81
processing/organization/retrieval takes place in:
-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
82
autonomic stress response
- sympathetic activity ^ bloodflow to Mm and decrease to skin, kidneys and GI
e. g midbrain reticular formation
83
learned movement sequence stored in
- supplementary motor area
- putamen
- globus pallidus
84
dorsal action stream
-adjust limb action during visually guided movements
85
ventral action stream
-helps ID seen objects
86
serotonin
- generalized arousal
| - origin: raphe nuclei
87
Acetylcholine
- voluntary direction of attn to an obj of interes
| - origin: pedunculopontine nucleus
88
Limits of attn
- info not attended to is not processed
- as tasks become more automatic=less attn needed
- sometimes attn needs to be divided
- attn limited by amount of effort available
- ability to switch from one task to other is limited
89
serotonin to:
- amygdala
- basal forebrain
- neocortex
- thalamus
- striatum
- cerebellar cortex
90
Norepinephrine to:
- amygdala
- neocortex
- thalamus
- cerebellar cortex
91
dopamine to:
- amygdala
- ventral striatum septal area
- neocortex (frontal)
- striatum
92
Acetylcholine to:
- amygdala
- basal forebrain
- neocortex
- thalamus
93
voluntary emotional regulation
-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
94
learning a motor sequence requires:
- frontal cortex
- parietal cortex
- basal ganglia
95
motor adaptation
- cerebellum
- parietal cortex
- motor cortex
adjust movement to environment changes
96
Norepinephrine
- attn and vigilance
| - origin: locus ceruleus
97
dopamine
- motivation
- initiation of motor activity
- origin: ventral tegmental area
98
automatic emotional regulation
- rostral ant cingulate
- orbital cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal gyrus
99
automatic and voluntary emotional regulation
- medial dorsal prefrontal cortex
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- dorsal ant cingulate cortex
100
ID emotional significance of stimuli, generate and perceive emotions, reglate autonomic aspects of emotions
- amygdala
- area 25/mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
- ventral striatum
- ant insula
