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Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Ch. 2: Physical/Electrical Properties of CNS Cells > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Physical/Electrical Properties of CNS Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Anterograde Transfer

A

Movement of proteins from cell body to end of axon

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2
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudo-unipolar
  • Multipolar
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3
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • proximal part of axon against cell body
  • where new action potentials get started
  • voltage gated channels located here in motor neurons and bipolar neurons)
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4
Q

Axoplasmic Transfer

A

constant movment of proteins in neuron (axon)

Anterograde
Retrograde

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5
Q

Retrograde Transfer

A

Movement of proteins from end of axon toward cell body

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6
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • 2 Major poles
  • Dendrite and axon

Example: retina cells

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7
Q

chemical signals

A
  • transmission of signal between neurons (one to next)

- chemicals start new electrical signal

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8
Q

4 Membrane Channels

A
  • Ligand gated
  • Voltage gated
  • Non-gated
  • Modality gated
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9
Q

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

A
  • One major trunk with 2 parts:
  • the peripheral axon (acts like dendrite)
  • the central axon

Example: somatosensation

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10
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A
  • many major trunks but only one axon
  • receive many signals and consolidates into 1

example: motor neurons

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11
Q

Electrical Signals

A

Transmission of info within 1 neuron

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12
Q

Non-gated Channels

A

open hole in membrane that’s always open and leaks based on concentration gradients

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13
Q

Modality-Gated Channels

A
  • Open in response to modalities (touch/temp/body chemicals)

- Located at ends of sensory neurons

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14
Q

Resting potential

A

-70mV inside the cell

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15
Q

Depolarization

A

Makes inside of neuron less negative so it’s more likely to create an action potential

excitatory

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16
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A
  • opens to neurotransmitters

- located on post-synaptic membrane/dendrite

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17
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A
  • opens in response to change in membrane voltage
  • located all along axon (any nerve cell)
  • Send messages long distances
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18
Q

3 Factors that maintain resting potential:

A
  1. Na+/K+ pump (3Na+ out/2K+ in)
  2. Large negative molecules trapped inside soma
  3. Passive diffusion through non-gated channels
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19
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • makes inner neuron more negative
  • less likely to create action potential
  • inhibitory
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20
Q

Graded Potential

A

more stimuli or more frequent stimuli open more channels and cause more depol/hyperpol

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21
Q

local potential

A

small change over short distances

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22
Q

summation of local potentials

A
  • small polarity changes added together to make large polarity change
  • Temporal vs Spatial
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23
Q

Spatial summation

A

2 or more stimuli arriving at same time are added together

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24
Q

Temporals Summation

A

Repetition of a single stimulus adds together

25
Q

Action Potential

A
  • a big change over a long distance

- very large change in membrane potential

26
Q

Passive Propogation

A
  • Change in polarity because ions spill in through open gates
  • Local potential changes
27
Q

Active Propogation

A
  • new action potentials get started along membrane

- one action potential starts another which starts another etc

28
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • Spot where voltage-gated channels are located for multipolar neurons
  • action potentials start here
  • (Synaptic Potentials)
29
Q

Threshold Depolarization

A

-point where there are enough local potential depol to open voltage-gated channels to start an action potential

30
Q

Trigger Zone

A
  • Spot where voltage-gated channels are located for sensory neurons
  • (receptor potentials)
31
Q

Action Potential sequence

A
  1. Local Potential
  2. Threshold depolarization
  3. Action potential
  4. refractory period
  5. propogation
32
Q

Refractory Period

A

-temporary hyperpolarization that prevents depolarization from traveling backwards to ensure one way signal

33
Q

The “size” principle

A

-Large diameter neurons have faster conduction because they have less internal resistance

34
Q

3 types of macroglia

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells

35
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A
  • Action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next on myelinated neurons
  • fast!
36
Q

Astrocytes & cell signaling

A
  • Ca++ storage and movement
  • release of glutamate
  • can increase or decrease communication by moving Ca++ or glutamate
37
Q

Ca++

A

primary ion of depolarization in the CNS

38
Q

Function of glia

A
  1. supporting cells
  2. structure for neurons
  3. assist with transmission
  4. possible role in pathogenesis
39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  1. Fatty insulators
  2. protective insulation of CNS neurons
  3. insulate several neurons
  4. white matter
40
Q

Glutamate

A

Primary ligand of depolarization in the CNS

41
Q

Neuroinflammation

A

response of CNS to infection, disease and injury

42
Q

Electrical communication in neurons requires:

A
  1. Resting potential difference
  2. ATP (energy)
  3. Electrolytes
43
Q

6 Characteristics of local potentials

A
  1. result of opening of modality or ligand gated channels
  2. small change in polarity
  3. graded
  4. depol or hyperpol
  5. passive propogation
  6. small distances
44
Q

Synaptic Potential

A

generated by ligand-gated channels on post-synaptic membrane

45
Q

2 Types of Local Potentials

A
  • Receptor potentials

- Synaptic potentials

46
Q

Receptor Potential

A

generated by modality-gated channels at distal end of sensory neurons

47
Q

5 characteristic of action potentials

A
  1. Result of opening voltage-gated channels
  2. large change in polarity and long distance
  3. all or none
  4. depol only (can’t inhibit)
  5. passive and active propogation
48
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • Fatty insulators
  • protective insulation of PNS neurons
  • Insulate 1 neuron with layered covering (myelinated)
  • insulate many neurons with simple covering (unmyelinated)
  • Phagocytic with peripheral injury
49
Q

Benefits of neuro-inflammation

A
  • Reactive Microglia + when they:
    1. remove debris
    2. produce neurotrophic factors to supoprt axonal regeneration and remyelination
    3. Mobilize astrocytes to reseal blood brain barrier and provide trophic effect
50
Q

There may be a coorrelation between_____

A

Abnormal glial activity & neural damage in stroke, alzheimer’s, MS and parkinsons

51
Q

Disadvantages of Neuro-inflammation

A
  • Can cause death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and inhibit neural regeneration
  • microglias and astrocytes can be overactive and release toxins into neural environment (HIV can activate this)
52
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Primary external scaffold
  • most direct role in cell signaling
  • scavenger (K+ and NT)
  • connect neurons to capillaries (blood brain barrier)
  • Pathway for migrating neurons in development
53
Q

Microglia

A
  • phagocytic with injury
  • destroy aging neurons
  • may have started as immune cell during development
  • abnormal activation–>brain disease
54
Q

Guillain-Barre

A
  • Autoimmune attack on schwann cells (PNS)
  • Demyelination of Nn–>weakness, sensory loss (can affect throat and breathing muscles)
  • remyelination usually follows
55
Q

neural stem cells

A

Primitive stem cells:

  • Self-renew
  • Differentiate
  • Populate

May help in NS diseases

56
Q

MS

A
  • CNS autoimmune attack on oligodendrocytes
  • S/Sx: motor, sensory, autonomic
  • No remyelination; gradual and progressive
  • “better” periods due to decreased inflammation (not remyelination)
57
Q

Divergence

A

One neuron communicating with many

58
Q

Convergence

A
  • many neurons communicating with one

- post synaptic neuron consolidates signals to one and relays it

Neuroscience (By Chapter) (21 decks)

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