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Neuroscience (By Chapter) > Ch. 6: Somatosensory System > Flashcards

Ch. 6: Somatosensory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Spinoreticular Tract

A
  • Divergent
  • C Fibers
  • Slow pain/temp
  • Arouses due to pain
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2
Q

Spinoreticular Neurons

A
  • 1st Order: periphery to dorsal horn
  • Cross Midline
  • 2nd Order: dorsal horn to reticular formation
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3
Q

Spinomesencephalic Tract

A
  • Divergent
  • C Fibers
  • Slow Pain
  • Through superior colliculus to orient head to pain
  • Cause activation of brain to turn down pain signal (pain control)
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4
Q

Anterolateral Columns

A
  • Spinothalamic
  • Pain/Temp
  • Conscious Relay

-Peripheral Neurons: A-Delta
, course touch
-Somatotopic organization

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5
Q

Divergent Pathways

A
  • Pain/Temp
  • mediate automatic movement, automatic response and emotional response to pain
  • signal to autonomic and limbic centers
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6
Q

Spinomesencephalic Neurons

A
  • 1st Order: Periphery to dorsal horn (with vertical branches to other levels)
  • Cross Midline
  • 2nd Order: dorsal horn to superior colliculus and periaqueductal grey
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7
Q

Spinothalamic Neurons

A
  • 1st: periphery to dorsal horn
  • Cross Midline
  • 2nd: dorsal horn to thalamus
  • 3rd: thalamus to parietal cortex
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8
Q

Unconscious Relay

A
  • Body to subconscious (terminates in cerebellum)
  • Via: Ia, Ib, II neurons
  • Senses: unconscious proprioception
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9
Q

Fidelity of Pathways

A

High vs Low

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10
Q

Low Fidelity Pathways

A
  • non-discriminative

- little somatotopic organization

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11
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway Neurons

A
  • 1st Order: periphery to medulla
  • 2nd Order: medulla to thalamus
  • 3rd Order: thalamus to parietal cortex
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12
Q

High Fidelity Pathways

A
  • Discriminitive

- high degree of somatotopic organization

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13
Q

Somatotopic Organization

A

-organized by location

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14
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway

A
  • DC/ML
  • Conscious (to cortex)
  • Peripheral Neurons: Ia, Ib, A-beta, (II)
  • Modalities: discriminative touch, conscious proprioception
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15
Q

Branches of 1st Order Neurons in Dorsal Column

A

1: to dorsal column (conscious proprioception)
2: to ventral horn (spinal level Mm reflex)
3: to cerebellum (lateral column)

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16
Q

Divergent Pathways

A
  • Body–>subconscious
  • Terminate in autonomic & Limbic centers
  • C Neurons
  • Sense: slow pain
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17
Q

Proprioception

A
  • deep sensation from Mm and joints
  • knowledge where body is in space
  • have fastest conducting axons in body
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18
Q

Perception

A
  • interpretation of sensation
  • to make meaning of sensation
  • occurs in cerebrum (parietal cortex)
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19
Q

Discriminative Touch

A

-can differentiate quality and location of touch

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20
Q

Exteroception

A
  • feeling from the body’s surface

- Subset: pain/temp

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21
Q

Sensation

A
  • actual signals coming in and being aware of them

- actual characteristics of an input

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22
Q

Modality-Specific receptors

A
  • (pseudounipolar)
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
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23
Q

Tonic receptors

A

receptors respond as long as stimulus is maintained

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24
Q

Routing of Sensation

A
  • Conscious Awareness

- Automatic adjustment to posture and movement

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25
Unconscious Awareness
- sensory signals to cerebellum and subcortical areas (limbic) are unconscious - automatic adjustment to posture and movement
26
Nociceptors
- Subset of modality specific receptors - sensitive to stimuli that damage or threaten to damage tissue - stimulus-->pain - have high threshold
27
Phasic receptors
- respond to a constant stimulus then stops | - tells when stimulus arrives, moves and leaves
28
Conscious Awareness
-signal goes to cerebral cortex and person becomes aware of it
29
Somatosensory Peripheral Neurons Morphology
pseudounipolar
30
Naming/Classification System of neurons
- Smaller letters and #'s=larger diameter and more myelination=faster - Ia, Ib, II, A-Beta, A-Delta, C
31
Ia, Ib, II Sensory neurons
- proprioception - muscle spindles and tendons - fastest: Ia--Ib--II - Signals from Mm and joints - Myelinated
32
A-Beta
- exteroception - Touch of skin and subQ - myelinated - axons from body surface
33
A-Delta
- fast localized pain and temp (discriminative) - superficial and deep - myelinated - sharp pain
34
C
- slow non-localized pain and temp - superficial and deep - non-myelinated - prolonged ache
35
Receptive Field
-Area of skin's surface supplied by terminal branches of a single axon
36
Superficial Skin Sensation (4 categories)
1. fine touch 2. course touch 3. Pain 4. Temp
37
Cutaneous Fine touch
- Smaller receptive fields - axons closer to surface - better able to discriminate -light touch, vibration, pressure, hair displacement
38
Density of Receptors
- # of terminal axon branches in any receptive field | - smaller and densest in areas of body that explore environment (hands, feet, mouth)
39
Fine Touch
- Specialized receptor + A-beta neuron - Cutaneous and SubQ - Fine=discriminative
40
SubQ Fine Touch
- larger receptive fields - touch, vibration, skin stretch - less able to discriminate
41
Pain
- Free nerve ending plus A-delta and C fibers | - nociceptors
42
Course Touch
- Free nerve endings plus A-delta and C neurons | - know there is a touch but not specific location
43
Dermatome
-all sensory input from one dermatome (spinal level)
44
Spinal Nerve
- all sensory input to one spinal segment | - ex: C8 is part of the old neural tube that was connected to the 8th somite
45
Peripheral Nerve
-part of one dermatome and/or combo of parts of several dermatomes
46
If you can map a dermatome pattern of sensory loss:
it is a spinal nerve problem
47
A peripheral nerve always has____
2+ dermatomes in them
48
3 sensations transmitted by muscle spindles
1. Muscle length (absolute) 2. Change in muscle length 3. Rate of change in muscle length
49
Temperature
- Free nerve ending plus A-delta and C fibers | - thermoreception
50
If you can map out a pattern of peripheral Nerve sensory loss:
it is a problem of peripheral nerves
51
Muscle Spindles
- transmit signals based on length of muscle and change in Mm length and rate of change of Mm length - buried longitudinally in Mm - increased # of signals when stretched (Mm lengthened)
52
Nuclear Bag Sensory Receptors
transmit change in Mm length and rate of change in Mm length
53
2 Mm fibers in Mm
Intrafusal & extrafusal
54
5 components of Mm spindle
1. nuclear bag sensory receptors 2. nuclear chain sensory rec 3. Group Ia sensory axons 4. Group II sensory axons 5. Muscle fibers (extra/intrafusal)
55
Extrafusal Mm Fibers
- outside Mm spindle - cause overall contraction of Mm and movement of body segment - innervated by A-alpha axons
56
Nuclear Chain sensory receptors
Transmit: - change in Mm length - rate of change in Mm length - absolute length
57
Intrafusal Fibers
- inside Mm spindle - keep spindles sensitive to change of length while muscle is contracting - innervated by A-gamma axons
58
A-gamma motor neurons
- innervate intrafusal Mm fibers | - (keep spindle sensitive to length change during muscle contraction)
59
Group Ia Sensory Axons
Transmit: - change in Mm length - rate of change in length
60
Group II Sensory Axons
Transmit: | -Absolute Mm Length
61
A-alpha motor neurons
Innervate extrafusal Mm fibers | to contract Mm
62
GTO
- golgi tendon organs - specialized mechanoreceptors in Mm tendons - depol with increased tenson in Mm and tendon - Transmit via: Ib sensory axons
63
Capsule receptors
- Sense relative stretch on capsule - especially passive movement & extremes of range - joint movment
64
Free Nerve Endings
- no specialized receptors - transmit pain & inflammation - high threshold - pain=excessive mechanical stimulation - inflammation=excessive chemical stimulation (or pressure)
65
3 Joint receptors
- Capsule Rec - Ligament Rec - Free nerve Endings
66
Sensory Pathways to brain | 3 types
- conscious relay - divergent pathways - unconscious relay
67
Ligament Receptors
Sense force or tension in ligaments
68
4 Proprioception Structures
- Muscle Spindles - tendon rec - joint rec (capsule/ligament/free nerve endings) - cutaneous mechanoreceptors
69
Components of sensory pathways to Brain
- projection neurons | - interneurons
70
conscious relay
- body-->cerebral cortex | - Senses: light touch, conscious proprioception, fast pain
71
Projection Neurons
- multipolar neurons(relay messengers) in spinal cord and brain - 2nd/3rd order neurons - relay info from 1st order neurons to target
72
1st order Neurons
pseudounipolar neurons in periphery that get sensory info first
73
interneuron
- connect projection neurons together - very short distances - may modify signals (to send or not to send)
74
Branches of 1st order neurons in dorsal horn
- dorsal column - ventral horn (Mm reflex) - cerebellum
75
Association Cortex
- signal from post central gyrus to parietal lobe | - perception
76
Primary cortex
- pathway terminates in primary sensory area in post central gyrus of parietal lobe - sensation

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