Ch. 19 Part 2

Question 1

Mushrooms (basidiomycota)

Answer 1

 Dikaryotic mycelium forms basidoma = mushroom
 Structures
* Cap = pileus
* Stalk = stipe
* Annulus
* Gills: plates that radiate out from stalk on underside of cap, grow and spread spores for dispersal

Question 2

Basidia

Answer 2

 Swollen ends of hyphae on gills; Two nuclei unite in each basidium, Result in diploid nucleus, Undergoes meiosis, Becomes haploid again
 4 resulting basidiospores
 Basidioma: dikaryotic n+n
 Basidium: unite to form 2n
 Meiosis forms basidiospore

Question 3

Spore print

Answer 3

 Mushroom can be identified by placing the cap gill side down on a paper
 Spores fall and adhere to paper
 Can be archived

Question 4

Shelf/bracket fungi

Answer 4

 Grow horizontally from bark or dead wood
 Often feed on already dying tissue of tree, could indicate that tree could be dying from other factors
 Sickness sign

Question 5

Smuts and rusts

Answer 5

 Parasitic species that do not form classic shape

 Smuts
* Grain crops
* Mycelium absorbs nutrients fro hsot cells
* Secrete substances that stimulate host cells to form tumors
* Some edible: huitlacoche

 Rusts
* Attack a wide variety of plants
o Black stem rust: requires two hosts

Question 6

Human and eco relevance of basidiomycota

Answer 6

 Shiitake mushrooms
 Protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron
 Portabella mushrooms
o Human and ecological relevance
 Poisonous
 Fewer than 75 of approx. 31,000 described species are poisonous

Question 7

Phylum Deuteromycota

Answer 7

o Imperfect fungi
o So observed sexual reproduction
o Most commonly reproduce by conidia
o Humana nd eco relevance (penicillium and Aspergillis

Question 8

Penicillium found in?

Answer 8

• Antibiotics
• Gourmet cheese

Question 9

Aspergillus found in?

Answer 9

• Citric acid
• Soy sauce
• Miso
• Artificial flavoring
• Photographic developers, dyes

Question 10

Lichens

Answer 10

o Consist of fungus and an alga
 Blue or green bacterium
o Photosynthetic component supplies food
o Fungus protects the photo org from harmful light intensities, absorbs and retain water and minerals
 Three genera of green algae and one genus of cyanobacterium involved in 90% lichen species
 Unique fungus for each, usually sac fungi

Question 11

Name 3 growth forms of Lichens

Answer 11

crustose, foliose, fruticose

Question 12

Crustose

Answer 12

attached to or embedded in substrate over entire lower surface

Question 13

Foliose

Answer 13

contain leaf-like thalli which often overlap

Question 14

Fruticose

Answer 14

resemble min upright shrubs, or hang down in festoons

Question 15

Human and eco relevance of Lichens

Answer 15

 Exceptionally sensitive to pollution
* Sulfur dioxide
 Nuclear radiation
 Degradation of historic structures
 Food for reindeer
 Food supplements
 Antibiotic properties
 Dyes