Ch. 2 Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training

Question 1

bioenergetics

Answer 1

the flow of energy in a biological system, concerns primarily the conversion of macronutrients(carbs, proteins, and fats which contain chemical energy) into biologically usuable forms of energy

Question 2

energy

Answer 2

the ability or capacity to perform work

Question 3

the three basic systems that replenish ATP

Answer 3

the phosphagen system, glycolysis, the oxidative system

Question 4

what powers muscular activity?

Answer 4

the energy stored in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphophate

Question 5

phosphagen stystem

Answer 5

provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activites

Question 6

What type of fibers have higher concentrations of Creatine Phosphate?

Answer 6

Type II, fast twitch

Question 7

catabolism

Answer 7

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy

Question 8

anabolism

Answer 8

the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules, its accomplished using the energy from catabolic reactions

Question 9

Exergonic reactions

Answer 9

energy releasing reactions

Question 10

Endergonic reactions

Answer 10

require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscles

Question 11

metabolism

Answer 11

the total of all the catabolic/exergonic and anabolic/endergonic reactions in a biological system

Question 12

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 12

an intermediate molecule, allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions

Question 13

hydrolysis

Answer 13

the breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy

Question 14

ATPase (adenosinetriphosphatase)

Answer 14

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP

Question 15

myosin ATPase

Answer 15

the enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for cross-bridge recycling

Question 16

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Answer 16

2 phosphates

Question 17

AMP (adenosine monophoshpate)

Answer 17

1 phosphate

Question 18

anaerobic

Answer 18

processes that dont require oxygen

Question 19

aerobic

Answer 19

processes that depend on oxygen

Question 20

creatine phosphate (CP)

Answer 20

also known as phosphocreatine (PCr)

Question 21

Creatine kinase

Answer 21

the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

Question 22

the adenylate kinase (or myokinase) reaction

Answer 22

an important single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP

Question 23

law of mass action

Answer 23

states that the concentration of reactants or products in solution will drive the direction of the reactions

Question 24

near-equilibrium reactions

Answer 24

proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the reactants due to the law of mass actions

Question 25

pyruvate

Answer 25

the end result of glycolysis, can be converted to lactate, can be shuttles into the mitochondria

Question 26

anaerobic glycolysis (fast glycolysis)

Answer 26

process where pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesizes as a faster rate, but is limited in duration

Question 27

aerobic glycolysis (slow glycolysis)

Answer 27

when pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resythesizes slower, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough

Question 28

lactate

Answer 28

comes from pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lacate dehydrogenase

Question 29

metabolic acidosis

Answer 29

the process of an exercise-induce decrease in pH

Question 30

wet muscle

Answer 30

muscle that has not been desiccated

Question 31

Cori cycle

Answer 31

the process by which lactate is transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose

Question 32

mitochondria

Answer 32

specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur

Question 33

phosphorylation

Answer 33

the process of adding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule (ADP->ATP)

Question 34

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 34

the resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain

Question 35

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 35

describes the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways

Question 36

Allosteric inhibition

Answer 36

occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows product formation

Question 37

allosteric activation

Answer 37

occurs when an "activator" binds with the enzyme and increases its turnover rate

Question 38

lactate threshold (LT)

Answer 38

the exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

Question 39

onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

Answer 39

the second increase in the rate of lactate accumulation has been noted at higher relative intensities of exercise

Question 40

oxidative system

Answer 40

the primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intesnity activities, uses primarily carbs and fats as substrates

Question 41

Krebs cycle

Answer 41

a series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate begun in glycolysis and produces two ATP indireclty from guanine triphospahte via substrate-level phosphorylation for each molecule of glucose

Question 42

electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 42

uses NADH and FADH2 molecules to rephopsorylate ADP to ATP

Question 43

beta oxidation

Answer 43

a series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons

Question 44

branched-chain amino acids

Answer 44

(leucine, isoleucine, and valine) they are the major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle

Question 45

exercise intensity

Answer 45

defined as a level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of power output

Question 46

power

Answer 46

work performed per unit of time

Question 47

energy substrates

Answer 47

molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions, including phosphagens, glucose, glycogen, lactate, free fatty acids, and amino acids

Question 48

phosphagens

Answer 48

ATP and creatine phosphate

Question 49

glycogenolysis

Answer 49

the breakdown of glycogen

Question 50

oxygen uptake

Answer 50

a measure of a person's ability to take in and use oxygen

Question 51

oxygen deficit

Answer 51

the anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise

Question 52

oxygen debt (or excess postexercise oxygen consumption EPOC)

Answer 52

postexercise oxygen uptake

Question 53

interval training

Answer 53

a method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptions for a more efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods

Question 54

combination training

Answer 54

cross-training, when aerobic endurance training is added to anaerobic training to enhance recovery because recovery relies primarily on aerobic mechanisms