Ch. 5 Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Programs

Question 1

Anaerobic training

Answer 1

consists of high-intensity, intermittent bouts of exercise such as weight training; plyometric drills; and speed, agility, and interval training

Question 2

size principle

Answer 2

based on the relationship between motor unit twitch force and recruitment threshold

Question 3

selective recruitment

Answer 3

allows an athlete to inhibit lower-threshold motor unit and in their place activate the higher-threshold motor units critical to optimal speed and power performance

Question 4

neuromuscular junction

Answer 4

the interface between the nerve and skeletal muscle and is another potential sire for the occurrence of neural adaptations from anaerobic training

Question 5

electromyography

Answer 5

a common research tool used to examine the magnitude of neural activation following training

Question 6

cross-education

Answer 6

training only one limb can result in an increase in strength in the untrained limb

Question 7

bilateral deficit

Answer 7

the force produced when both limbs are contracting together is less that the sum of the forces they produce when contracting unilaterally

Question 8

hypertrophy

Answer 8

refers to the muscular enlargement resulting from training, primarily owing to an increase in the cross-sectional area of the existing fibers

Question 9

titin and nebulin

Answer 9

structural proteins

Question 10

myogenesis

Answer 10

upregulation of factors involved with muscle regeneration

Question 11

hyperplasia

Answer 11

results in an increase in the number of muscle fibers via longitudinal fiber splitting as a response to high intensity resistance training

Question 12

mechanical loading

Answer 12

loading weight on the bone

Question 13

osteoblasts

Answer 13

migrate to the bone after mechanical loading and begin bone modeling

Question 14

bone matrix

Answer 14

formed by the proteins secreted by osteoblasts

Question 15

hydroxyapatite

Answer 15

calcium phosphate crystals

Question 16

periosteum

Answer 16

the outer surface of the bone

Question 17

trabecular bone

Answer 17

spongy

Question 18

cortical bone

Answer 18

compact

Question 19

minimal essential strain

Answer 19

refers to the threshold stimulus that initiates new bone formation

Question 20

bone mineral density

Answer 20

the quantity of mineral deposited in a given area of bone

Question 21

specificity of loading

Answer 21

using exercises that directly load a particular region of the skeleton

Question 22

osteoporosis

Answer 22

a disease in which bone mineral density and bone mass become reduced to critically low levels

Question 23

osteogenic stimuli

Answer 23

factors that stimulate new bone formation

Question 24

structural exercises

Answer 24

exercises that involve multiple joints, should direct the force vectors through the spine and hip

Question 25

progressive overload

Answer 25

progressively placing greater than normal demands on the exercising musculature

Question 26

stress fractures

Answer 26

microfractures in bone due to structural fatigue

Question 27

peak bone mass

Answer 27

the maximum bone mass achieved

Question 28

collagen

Answer 28

the primary structural component of all connective tissue

Question 29

procollagen

Answer 29

the parent protein for collagen, synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts

Question 30

microfibril

Answer 30

the parallel arrangement of filaments

Question 31

cross-linking

Answer 31

the strong chemical bonds that give strength to collagen

Question 32

elastin

Answer 32

elastic fibers in ligaments

Question 33

tendon stiffness

Answer 33

force transmission per unit of strain, or tendon elongation

Question 34

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 34

articular cartilage, found on the articulating surfaces of bones

Question 35

fibrous cartilage

Answer 35

very tough form of cartilage found in the intervertebral disks of the spine and at the junctions where tendons attach to bone

Question 36

reactive hyperemia

Answer 36

when blood flow increases during the rest period after muscular contractions greater than 20% of maximal voluntary contraction

Question 37

rate-pressure product

Answer 37

heart rate x systolic blood pressure; a measure of myocardial work

Question 38

ventilation equivalent

Answer 38

the ratio of air ventilated to oxygen used by the tissues

Question 39

overtraining

Answer 39

defined as excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of train gin that results in extreme fatigue, illness, or injury; often due to insufficient rest, recovery, and maybe nutrition

Question 40

overreaching

Answer 40

excessive training on a short-term basis

Question 41

overtraining syndrome

Answer 41

the condition resulting from overtraining

Question 42

sympathetic overtraining syndrome

Answer 42

includes increased sympathetic activity at rest

Question 43

detraining

Answer 43

the cessation of anaerobic training or a substantial reduction in frequency, volume, intensity, or any combination of them that results in decrements in performance and loss of some of the physiological adaptations associated wither existence training