Ch. 2 Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

___ is the part of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration

Answer 1

Biopharmaccutics

Question 2

The process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed , metabolized and eliminated from the body

Answer 2

Pharacokinetics

Question 3

____ is a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body

List some examples

Answer 3

vehicle

ex: caplet, solution, Gas, tablet etc.

Question 4

Combination of both the drug and the vehicle used to deliver it is known as: ______

This can be in the form of:

Answer 4

Dosage form

Solid
Liquid
Gas
or combo of above

Question 5

Name examples of solid used for

• oral administration
• non-oral administration

Answer 5

1. Tablets
2. Capsules
3. Troches (candy type such as hauls)
   - ————– -

• suppositories
• Inserts

Question 6

What do tablets consists of?

Answer 6

1. drug
2. Fillers/ disintegrators
3. Dyes
4. Flavoring agents
5. Outside coating

Question 7

Name 3 different types of tablets

Answer 7

1. Compressed
2. Sugar coated
3. Film coated
4. Enteric coated
5. Buccal or sublingual

Question 8

Capsules consists of

1. _____
2. _____

Answer 8

1. Active ingredient ( drug)

2. shell

Question 9

Capsules are designed to

1. ___
2. ___
3. ___

Answer 9

1. Mask taste
2. Allow for easy swallowing
3. Contribute to controlled release mechanism

Question 10

Troches are solids that contain medicine in the form of

1. ___
2. ___

• they are designed to ______.

Answer 10

1. hard sugar
2. glycernated gelatin base

• Dissolve slowly in the mouth

Question 11

Compressed suppositories or (inserts) are ____ in form and are designed for ___ or ____ delivery

Answer 11

solid

Vaginal or rectal delivery

Question 12

List 3 liquid examples

How is is administered ?

Answer 12

1. Solutions
   (things that bond together and do not separate overtime )
2. Emulsions
   ( will separate into 2 liquid)
3. Suspensions
   (solid suspending into liquid)

Administered by all routes

Question 13

Medication given by injection is known as _____

List some examples

Answer 13

Parenteral

1. Intradermal
2. Subcutaneous
3. Intravenous

Question 14

All parenteral injections must be free from all ____

Answer 14

contaminants

preservative free

Question 15

medication given through gas route is used for

1. ___
2. __
3. __

Answer 15

1. Oxygen therapy
2. Anesthesia
3. Aerosal inhalers

Question 16

___ is the process in which medication breaks down into smaller pieces

Where does this take place?

Answer 16

disintegration

happens in stomach

Question 17

____ is when particles in a solution are absorbed by system

Answer 17

Dissolution

happens in small & large intestine

Question 18

Define disintegration

Answer 18

medication breaks down into smaller pieces

Question 19

Define Dissolution

Answer 19

Process in which a substance forms a solution

Question 20

List the parameters that determine the onset , duration and extent of drug action?

Answer 20

1. absorbed
2. Distributed
3. Metabolized
4. Eliminated

Question 21

If medication is given through IV , it bypasses the ____ step

Answer 21

Absorption

Question 22

The rate and extent of absorption depend on the dissolution of the the

Answer 22

1. dosage form
2. Surface area of the absorption site
3. Blood flow to the site
4. Concentration of drug
5. Acid base properties
6. Lipophilicty of a drug
7. Compatibility with other chemicals of drug

Question 23

When an acid drug is in an acidic environment it is ____ and moves easier through the membrane.

Answer 23

non ionized

Question 24

Weak acid is ____ when i alkaline enviornment

Answer 24

ionized ( has a charge)

Question 25

Week acids cross barriers best when in _____ enviornments

Answer 25

acid

Question 26

Name a week acid

Answer 26

Aspirin

Question 27

Can water soluble drug cross lipid layer membrane?

Answer 27

no | they would need active transport to pass through bi-lipid membrane

Question 28

The more surface area, the more _____

Answer 28

absorption

Question 29

What is needed for absorption to occur?

Answer 29

Blood flow

Question 30

Transport in which a carrier protein is needed to move drugs across the membrane and release it on the other side is known as ____.

Answer 30

Active transport

Question 31

Which transport occurs when a drug moves through the lipid membrane naturally by simple diffusion

Answer 31

Passive transport *most common*

Question 32

Which transport is most common.

Answer 32

Passive transport "Exception" is when it is moved through Active transport

Question 33

Drugs with good solubility that can easily pass through membrane is known as ?

Answer 33

Lipophilicity | water soluble drugs will not pass easily

Question 34

Why is Barium not given to patients with * ulcers * Recent surgery * Suspected perforation

Answer 34

Because it forms a solid precipitate and if it exits the GI system it will need to be surgically removed since will not be absorbed.

Question 35

Transport of the drug in the body fluids from bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action.

Answer 35

Distribution

Question 36

What are factors that affect distrubtion?

Answer 36

1. Cardiac output 2. Regional blood flow 3. Drug reservoirs

Question 37

What are 2 barriers to distribution that do not let drugs pass out of the blood stream and into certain areas

Answer 37

1. Blood-brain | 2. Placental

Question 38

Biotransformation is also known as: ___ What does it do? Where does it take place

Answer 38

Metabolism Chemically changes drug into a metabolite that can be excreted from the body #1 liver 2. Plasma 3. Kidneys 4. Lungs

Question 39

What organ is primarily responsible for metabolism

Answer 39

liver

Question 40

Drugs usually undergo 1 or both of these chemical reactions in the liver to be able to excrete it 1. ___ 2. ___

Answer 40

1. Oxidation, hydrolysis or reduction ( gains an electron to become negatively charge to move. Positive charge will just keep medication in place. ) 2. Conjugation ( transforms drug from lipid soluble substance to water soluble to be excreted through GI tract.

Question 41

___ is the process in which a drug transforms from lipid soluble substance to water soluble to be excreted through GI tract.

Answer 41

Conjugation

Question 42

___ is the process in which a drug gains an electron to become negatively charged to be excreted

Answer 42

oxidation, hydrolysis or reduction

Question 43

What factors contribute to prolonged drug metabolism

Answer 43

1. Liver disease 2. Immature metabolizing enzyme system 3. Degenerating enzyme system 4. Renal problems

Question 44

If drug metabolism is delayed, cumulative drug doses can have the same effects as

Answer 44

overdose

Question 45

Which organ is primarily responsible for excretion?

Answer 45

Kidneys

Question 46

What organs or systems can eliminate

Answer 46

``` Kidneys Intestines Breast milk Sweat Respiratory system (excretes gaseous drugs) ```

Question 47

Medications are absorbed in either _____ or ____ solution

Answer 47

Liquid or gaseous

Question 48

What marks the beginning of the pharmcokinetic process

Answer 48

Disintegration & Dissolution

Question 49

what gives rise to some of the larges surface area for absoption in the human body

Answer 49

pulmonary alveoli & GI rugae

Question 50

Most drugs are either ___ acids or ____ bases. When does a drug cross the barrier best

Answer 50

week acid( non ionized) or week base ( Ionized) * week acid ( non ionized) crosses best in weak medium

Question 51

How is Barium safely administered and why?

Answer 51

as an oral GI radiopaque agent because it can form a precipitate and become toxic

Question 52

When does distribution of a drug take place

Answer 52

Once it is absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 53

Define distribution

Answer 53

Transport of drug in body fluids from the bloodstream, to tissues and ultimately site of action

Question 54

Define pharacokinetics

Answer 54

process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated from the body

Question 55

Dosage forms can be in what types of substances?

Answer 55

Liquid Solid Gas or combo of the above

Question 56

Define biopharmaceutics

Answer 56

area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration

Question 57

What is another name for metabolizm

Answer 57

Biotransformation