ch. 6

Question 1

What does ROCM stand for?

What is it used for?

Answer 1

Radiopaque contrast media

high density agents used to visualize low-contrast tissues in the body

ex:
kidneys
GI tract
Biliary tree

Question 2

What are the most common types of ROCM?

Answer 2

Iodine : atomic # 53

Barium : atomic #56

Question 3

What ROCM is used for vasculature and GU tract?

Answer 3

Iodine

uses a lower KV (under 80) because it has a lower atomic #

Question 4

What ROCM is used for GI tract?

Answer 4

Barium

uses high kvp (over 90) because it has a high atomic #

Question 5

_____ is a direct function of iodine percentage of iodine

Answer 5

Radiopacity

Question 6

What is the difference between parenteral vs enteral

Answer 6

parenteral is something that is injected

and enteral is administration rectally or orally

Question 7

What is ionic vs nonionic ?

Answer 7

ionic =
unstable atoms, more reactive inducing in body, cheaper

nonionic
safer than ionic
more expensive

Question 8

Concentration of molecules per weight of water is known as_____.

Answer 8

Osmolality

Question 9

What are the 3 properties of iodine

Answer 9

1. Parenteral vs enteral
2. ionic vs nonionic
3. High osmolarity vs low osmolarity

Question 10

Movement of water across the semipermeable membrane is known as_____.

Answer 10

Osmosis

Question 11

Define osmosis

Answer 11

Movement of water across the semipermeable membrane

-usually done through passive diffusion

Question 12

Define Osmolality

Answer 12

Concentration of molecules per weight of water

Measured in milliosmoles per kg of water

Question 13

Measure of solute concentration in a solution is known as _____.

Answer 13

Osmolarity

Measured in milliosmoles per liter of solution

Question 14

Osmolality is measured in ___ of water where as Osmolarity is measured in ____ of solution

Answer 14

1. kg

2. liter

Question 15

of milliosmoles per kg of water is known as _____

Answer 15

Osmolality

Question 16

of milliosmoles per liter of solution is known as _____

Answer 16

Osmolarity

Question 17

_____ is highly osmotic

Answer 17

ROCM

Question 18

What occurs when contrast is placed into the bloodstream (IV)

Answer 18

causes extravascular fluid to be drawn into the blood stream .

Causes:
Flushing effect
cardiac effects
renal effects

Question 19

What is the concern when injecting contrast through IV

Answer 19

Causes:

• Osmotic shifts
• Increasing blood volume

and if kidneys and heart do not work well to eliminate the excess fluid it can cause further problems.

Question 20

What are 3 types of IV contrast

Answer 20

1. High osmolarity ionic
2. Low osmolarity nonionic
3. Low osmolarity ionic

Question 21

What is the only low osmolarity ionic contrast

Answer 21

Hexabrix

Question 22

What occurs in the body when High osmolarity ionic ROCM is injected

Answer 22

• contains 3 iodine atoms per molecue
• Those atoms break down into 1 of 2
  —- Radiopaque anion (- charge)
  : this will absorb the x-ray)

or:

—- Once cation ( + charge)

Question 23

What type of IV contrast is most

1. dangerous
2. and safest overall?

Answer 23

1. High osmolarity ionic ROCM

2. Low osmolarity non ionic

Question 24

____ does not dissociate ( break down) in solution

Answer 24

Low osmolarity non ionic

• 1 osmotically active particle for every 3 iodine atoms

Question 25

____ has 6 iodine atoms and 2 dissociated particles per molecule

Answer 25

Low osmolarity ionic ROCM =Hexabrix

Question 26

Intravascular ROCM has poor _____

Answer 26

lipid solubility therefore they do not cross cellular membrane and stay primarily in the bloodstream

Question 27

Intravascular ROCM provide immediate visibility of: 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. __

Answer 27

1. Veins & arteries after rapid injection 2, Heart & major thoracic vessels 3. Urinary tract * 15 min= rapid infustion * 30 minutes =Slow infusion

Question 28

____ mostly stops ROCM from entering CNS

Answer 28

Blood brain barrier

Question 29

When is the only time you will see contrast in the brain

Answer 29

when there are brain tumors because they have vascular supply * takes 40 minuets

Question 30

Kidneys become opaque in which steps : Kidney opacification

Answer 30

1. Renal parenchyma 2. Tubular structures, renal calyces a& renal eplvis 3. Ureters 4. Bladder

Question 31

In normal renal function , ____% of IV contrast will be excreted within ____ hrs.

Answer 31

1. 100% | 2. 24 hrs.

Question 32

Where does the ureter meet the bladder

Answer 32

UVJ | uretovesical junction

Question 33

What blood work is used to check for kidney function

Answer 33

BUN/Creatine

Question 34

____ ROCM is used just for cholangiography *how is it eliminated?

Answer 34

Iodamide Meglumine excreted primarily by the hepatic biliary system * has been replaced with US & CT

Question 35

____ ROCM is used for GI system

Answer 35

Enteral

Question 36

What are the 3 types of enteral ROCM

Answer 36

1. Aqueous solution 2. Suspensions 3. Tablets

Question 37

____ is used when barium is contraindicated

Answer 37

Aqueous solution ex: Gastrogafin

Question 38

Describe aqueous solutions:

Answer 38

* Used when Ba is contraindicated * Oral & rectal use * Not absorbed through GI tract & stays in the lumen * High osmolarity

Question 39

____ is a typical suspension used

Answer 39

Barium

Question 40

Describe Suspension

Answer 40

* ex- Barium * excreted through feces * Preferred for GI exams

Question 41

Describe enteral tablets

Answer 41

* Ex: Iocetamic acid * excreted through urine * Used for Gallbladder

Question 42

Paramagnetic contrast agents are used for: name an example

Answer 42

``` MRI ex: Gadolinium Iron manganese * high osmolarity ```

Question 43

What is the difference between contrast and gadolinium

Answer 43

Contrast does not cross the brain barrier and does not leave the vessel Gadolinium does

Question 44

____ are useful in identifying hepatic lesions and lymphatic tissue lesions

Answer 44

Iron compounds ( paramagnetic contrast agents ) * low osmolality

Question 45

____ are used to identify cancers that have hepatocyte's

Answer 45

Manganese compounds | paramagnetic compounds

Question 46

Contrast used in ultrasounds is known as_____

Answer 46

ultrasound Microbubble agents