CH 20 HW

Question 1

By definition, arteries are blood vessels that do what?

Answer 1

Carry blood away from the heart

Question 2

The endothelium is made of which type of epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

Simple squamous, super flat cells

Question 3

Name of the small blood vessels that nourish the walls of larger vessels?

Answer 3

Vasa vasorum

Question 4

What term refers to a weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart chamber or blood vessel?

Answer 4

Aneurysm

Question 5

What is the order of the tunics from innermost to outermost?

Answer 5

Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica external (adventitia)

Question 6

What makes up the capillary wall?

Answer 6

Basal Lamina and Endothelium

Question 7

What are the functions of the endothelium?

Answer 7

Acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstream, secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of the vessel, and repels RBCs and platelets to retain flow

Question 8

Where are continuous capillaries found?

Answer 8

Most tissues like skeletal muscle

Question 9

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 9

Organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration of small molecules like the small intestine and kidneys

Question 10

Where are sinusoids found?

Answer 10

Areas where large proteins and cells need to enter or leave the bloodstream like the liver and spleen

Question 11

The vasa vasorum are small vessels that supply blood to which of the following?

Answer 11

The walls of large blood vessels. They provide nutrients to the wall of large blood vessels because the blood moves through the vessel too quickly for the vessel to absorb nutrients from it

Question 12

Newly formed blood cells enter circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs by passing through the walls of what?

Answer 12

Sinusoids

Question 13

Blood flow into capillary beds is regulated by smooth muscle structures called what?

Answer 13

Precapillary Sphincters , they surround the openings to the capillaries

Question 14

A weak, bulging sac in the wall of an artery that pulsates with each beat of the heart and which may eventually rupture is called?

Answer 14

An aneurysm

Question 15

Is the diameter of some capillaries smaller than the diameter of an RBC?

Answer 15

Yes, RBCs get squished and change shape to fit into these tiny capillaries

Question 16

A circulatory route in which blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

Answer 16

A portal system

Question 17

Put capillary types in order from least permeable to most permeable

Answer 17

Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, and Sinusoids

Question 18

T or F: The femur has greater blood flow but less perfusion than the ovary

Answer 18

True! Perfusion is the ratio of flow to grams of tissue

Question 19

Name for the irregular blood-filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and some other organs?

Answer 19

Sinusoids

Question 20

The force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall?

Answer 20

Blood pressure

Question 21

Blood flow into capillary beds is regulated by ?

Answer 21

Precapillary Sphincters

Question 22

Systolic pressure is the lowest where?

Answer 22

In veins closest to the heart

Question 23

Valves that direct blood towards the heart are formed by unfolding of which layer of the vein wall?

Answer 23

The tunica interna

Question 24

3 Factors that affect peripheral resistance

Answer 24

Vessel radius, blood viscosity, vessel length

Question 25

3 places portal systems occur

Answer 25

The kidneys, between the hypothalamus anterior pituitary, and between the intestines and liver

Question 26

The flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue is known as…

Answer 26

Perfusion

Question 27

What term refers to the widening of blood vessels caused by relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media?

Answer 27

Vasodilation

Question 28

An excess of Carbon Dioxide in the blood is known as?

Answer 28

Hypercapnia

Question 29

Place the blood vessels in order from Highest blood pressure to lowest

Answer 29

Aorta, Systemic Artery, Capillary, Venule, Systemic vein

Question 30

A thrombosis (blood clot) can cause what?

Answer 30

Ischemia (insufficient perfusion)

Question 31

As blood flows through vessels in encounters forces caused by several factors that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called?

Answer 31

Peripheral Resistance

Question 32

What layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and is responsible for enacting vasomotion?

Answer 32

Tunica Media

Question 33

What are the chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the peri vascular tissues?

Answer 33

Antibodies, Hormones, Oxygen, and Glucose

Question 34

Term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media

Answer 34

Vasoconstriction

Question 35

What are the substances that leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells?

Answer 35

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Steroid hormones

Question 36

Describe the general process of capillary fluid exchange

Answer 36

Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then renters the blood at the venous end

Question 37

A general insufficient flow of blood to a tissue is called?

Answer 37

Ischemia

Question 38

Blood Colloid Osmotic pressure (COP) is primarily determined by what protein?

Answer 38

Albumin

Question 39

What are the functions of vasoreflexes?

Answer 39

They modify perfusion to an organ or tissue and they help regulate blood pressure

Question 40

What condition presents a threat of suffocation as fluid replaces air in the lungs?

Answer 40

Pulmonary Edema

Question 41

T or F: Capillary exchange is a 2 way movement of fluids and substances

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Possible consequences of cerebral edema

Answer 42

Headaches, nausea, seizures, delirium

Question 43

What can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane without the help of membrane channels, filtration pores, or intercellular clefts?

Answer 43

Oxygen

Question 44

Interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?

Answer 44

Osmosis

Question 45

Which force opposes hydrostatic pressure along with the capillary and interstitial pressures?

Answer 45

Colloid osmotic pressure

Question 46

List the mechanisms of venous return

Answer 46

Cardiac suction, gravity, muscle contraction (the skeletal muscle pump), Respiration (the thoracic pump)

Question 47

What can cause systemic edema?

Answer 47

Failure of the right ventricle

Question 48

What are some possible consequences of edema?

Answer 48

Tissue death and circulatory shock

Question 49

Term that refers to the flow of blood back to the heart?

Answer 49

Venous return

Question 50

List the reasons venous return increases during exercise

Answer 50

Increased breathing enhances action of the thoracic pump, the heart beats faster, increasing blood pressure, and increased muscle contraction enhances action of the skeletal muscle pump

Question 51

What is the most important force in venous flow?

Answer 51

Pressure generated by the heart

Question 52

Hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, and dehydration are all common causes of what type of shock?

Answer 52

Hypovolemic

Question 53

The mechanism by which contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of the compressed part of a vein in only one direction is known as?

Answer 53

The skeletal muscle pump

Question 54

Which type of shock results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, which causes generalized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Answer 54

Anaphylactic shock

Question 55

Brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce which of the following?

Answer 55

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)

Question 56

During strenuous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What type of vessel dilates in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine to facilitate this?

Answer 56

Arterioles

Question 57

What type of shock is caused by inadequate pumping of the heart?

Answer 57

Cardiogenic Shock

Question 58

What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Answer 58

Septic Shock

Question 59

List the branches of the aortic arch in order starting with the branch closest to the heart at the top

Answer 59

Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left common carotid, left subclavian

Question 60

List the characteristics of a Transient Ischemic Attack

Answer 60

Temporary paralysis, temporary dizziness, temporary loss of vision, headache, temporary weakness

Question 61

In skeletal muscles, most of the capillary beds are shut down at rest. Which type of vessel is therefore constricted at rest?

Answer 61

Arterioles

Question 62

List in order the vessels an RBC travels in the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle to the left atrium

Answer 62

Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, Lobar arteries, Alveolar capillaries, Pulmonary veins, Left Atrium

Question 63

What is the middle branch off the aortic arch?

Answer 63

Left common carotid artery

Question 64

Brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce which of the following?

Answer 64

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)

Question 65

List all of the arteries that branch DIRECTLY off the aortic arch

Answer 65

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian