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A&P II > CH 23 HW & Quiz > Flashcards

CH 23 HW & Quiz Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

How do the kidneys regulate water intake and output?

A

By regulating water output

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2
Q

2 examples of nitrogenous wastes secreted by the kidneys

A

Creatinine and Urea

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3
Q

The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them form the body is called?

A

Excretion

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4
Q

Urine (filtrate) flows from the renal pelvis directly into?

A

The ureter

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5
Q

How do the kidneys’ regulate osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure?

A

By regulating water and sodium output

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6
Q

How do most nitrogenous wastes originate?

A

As byproducts of protein catabolism

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7
Q

The ____ carries blood out of the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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8
Q

The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a?

A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

The glomerulus is surrounded by?

A

The glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)

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10
Q

The renal pyramids of the medulla receive their blood supply from what blood vessel network?

A

Vasa Recta

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11
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a ?

A

Glomerular capsule

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12
Q

The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ?

A

Glomerulus

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13
Q

Which segments of the Nephron loop actively transport salts?

A

Thick

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14
Q

Blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from what?

A

Efferent arterioles

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15
Q

The collecting duct receives fluid from?

A

The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

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16
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

1.2 million

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17
Q

What type of nephron has a short nephron loop and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface?

A

Cortical Nephrons

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18
Q

What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

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19
Q

T or F: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins

A

True

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20
Q

Which segment of the nephron loop is permeable to water?

A

Thin segment

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21
Q

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form?

A

Glomerular filtrate

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22
Q

How is the distal convoluted tubule different than the proximal?

A

It is shorter and less coiled

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23
Q

The glomerulus is composed of which type of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated

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24
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid _____ the blood and ____ the capsular space

A

Out of, into

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25
Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
26
How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries?
It can scar them
27
The fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration is called?
Filtrate
28
In young females, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is about _____ mL/min?
105 mL/min (it’s about 10% less than males)
29
What happens if the glomerular filtration rate is too slow?
Fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur
30
From the blood side to the capsular space, List in order the structures through which filtrate must pass
Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slit
31
How does the activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?
It increases blood pressure
32
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called?
Tubular reabsorption
33
How does hypertension lead to kidney damage?
It can rupture glomerular capillaries
34
Define transport maximum
It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed by the tubules
35
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
The amount of filtrate formed per min by the two kidneys
36
The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what?
The concentration of urine so the body isn’t loosing the fluid and electrolytes it needs to hold on to
37
What happens if the glomerular filtration rate is too high?
Fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly , urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion May occur
38
List the hormones that regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Natriuretic peptides, Aldosterone
39
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
Decreased blood pressure
40
Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone?
Ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct
41
Where does most tubular reabsorption take place?
The proximal convoluted tubule
42
What is it called when the transport proteins within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed
Transport maximum
43
What are the combined effects of atrial natriuretic peptide?
Through 4 different mechanisms, the result is the excretion of more salt and water in the urine, thereby reducing blood volume and pressure
44
List the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop back to the blood stream
Sodium ions, Chloride, and potassium ions
45
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?
The reabsorption of water and salts
46
What is the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, thus increasing its reabsorption?
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
47
Describe effect of Aldosterone
Causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and water the follows) and secretion of potassium from later segments of renal tubule
48
What is the action of Parathyroid hormone on the kidneys?
Decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption
49
What leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides?
Increased blood pressure
50
How does ADH affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?
It increases their permeability
51
What is the countercurrent multiplier in the nephron?
The nephron loop
52
The osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is ____ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex
Higher
53
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte ______ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte ______
Sodium, potassium
54
How does the ascending limb of the nephron loop shift sodium, potassium, and chloride into the ECF?
Through active transport
55
PTH acts on the PCT to inhibit _____ reabsorption and on the DCT to increase _____ reabsorption
Phosphate, calcium
56
The salts in the medullary ECF were transported from which limb of the nephron loop?
The ascending limb
57
ADH increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called?
Aquaporins
58
Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger?
Vasa recta
59
The importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient
It allows for the production of very concentrated urine
60
Dieresis (Polyuria)
Increased urine output caused by fluid intake, diabetes, or some medications
61
As fluid flows down the water permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is?
Increasing, becoming more concentrated
62
Hyperglycemia in diabetes results in glucose in the urine, a condition called what?
Glycosuria
63
What is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF?
The active transport of Na+, K+, and Cl- from the ascending limb of the nephron loop
64
What does diabetes insipidus result from?
Hyposecretion of ADH
65
What is the normal pH range of urine?
4.5-8.2
66
Describe the ureters
They deliver urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder
67
The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the?
Trigone
68
List the symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria, dehydration, and Glycosuria
69
Urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called the?
Urethra
70
T of F: Gestational diabetes, diabetes insipidus, and diabetes mellitus all are characterized by glycosuria
FALSE. Only gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus are characterized by glycosuria. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by Polyuria
71
The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a?
Ureter
72
Describe the composition and location of the bladder?
A muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis

A&P II (15 decks)

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