CH 24 HW & Quiz

Question 1

T of F: A newborn baby’s weight is as much as 75% water, whereas obese and elderly people’s weight is as little as 45% water

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The blood, lymph, tissue fluid, and trans cellular fluid are all examples of which of the following?

Answer 2

Fluid compartments

Question 3

How does water move from the digestive tract to the bloodstream?

Answer 3

Osmosis

Question 4

If a local imbalance between the ICF and ECF occurs, water movement called _____ restores the balance. This depends on the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment.

Answer 4

Osmosis

Question 5

When is a person in a state of fluid balance?

Answer 5

Daily fluid gains equal losses.

Question 6

The total body water (TBW) of a 70kg (150lb) young male is about?

Answer 6

40L

Question 7

% of TBW in ICF

Answer 7

65%

Question 8

% of TBW in Interstitial Fluid

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

% of TBW in Blood plasma and lymph

Answer 9

8%

Question 10

% of TBW in Transcellular fluid

Answer 10

2%

Question 11

Fluid intake is governed mainly by thirst. What is one thing that can make a person thirsty?

Answer 11

Reduced blood pressure

Question 12

The 2 ways water can move from one fluid compartment to another?

Answer 12

Capillary filtration from the blood stream to the interstitial space and osmosis between other compartments

Question 13

T or F: The only way to control water output significantly is through variations in urine volume.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Water balance is most directly tied to?

Answer 14

Electrolyte balance

Question 15

How do hypovolemia and dehydration differ?

Answer 15

In dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost

Question 16

% of TBW that is water of a 70kg young male

Answer 16

55-60% water

Question 17

What happens to ECF osmolarity during dehydration?

Answer 17

It increases

Question 18

How is water intake regulated?

Answer 18

Osmoreceptors respond to angiotensin II and to rising osmolarity of ECF, Hypothalamic neurons produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promoting water conservation, and cerebral cortex produces a conscious sense of thirst

Question 19

T or F: Cold weather has a dehydrating effect on the human body

Answer 19

True, cold air drier and absorbs more body water from the respiratory tract

Question 20

The 2 types of fluid deficiency

Answer 20

Volume depletion and dehydration

Question 21

What causes hypotonic hydration?

Answer 21

ADH Hypersecretion

Question 22

T or F: In cases of volume depletion, TBW declines but fluid osmolarity is normal

Answer 22

True. Water and a proportional amount of its dissolved solutes are lost, therefore osmolarity is not affected

Question 23

List the effects of dehydration

Answer 23

Increased blood osmolarity, reduced blood pressure, reduced salivation

Question 24

In which form of fluid imbalance is TBW elevated while osmolarity is reduced?

Answer 24

Hypotonic Hydration (water intoxication)

Question 25

Edema is the most common form of what?

Answer 25

Fluid sequestration

Question 26

Reasons why infants are more vulnerable to dehydration to adults

Answer 26

Their kidneys are not fully developed to produce optimally concentrated urine, they have higher metabolic rates and produce toxic metabolites faster that are excreted with water, and they have a higher body surface to volume ratio than adults

Question 27

Ions that are major cation electrolytes

Answer 27

Sodium and Calcium

Question 28

What might happen if you lost large volumes of water and slat and then drank large quantities of plain water?

Answer 28

Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication) Nothing is replacing the lost electrolytes

Question 29

What ion is the most significant solute in determine total body water and the distribution of water amount fluid compartments?

Answer 29

Sodium

Question 30

What term is another name for volume depletion? Occurs when proportionate amounts of both water and sodium are lost

Answer 30

Hypovolemia

Question 31

Which has the largest effect on plasma sodium concentration?

Answer 31

ADH because sodium is accompanied by a proportionate amount of water

Question 32

In which form of fluid imbalance is TBW reduced while osmolarity remains normal?

Answer 32

Hypovolemia

Question 33

What inhibits Na+ and water reabsorption and lowers the blood pressure?

Answer 33

Natriuretic peptides

Question 34

Define fluid sequestration

Answer 34

A condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location

Question 35

What ion is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume?

Answer 35

Potassium

Question 36

Ions that are major anion electrolytes

Answer 36

Cl- , HCO3- , Pi

Question 37

Important functions of Sodium

Answer 37

It participates in muscle and nerve depolarization, it’s involved in generating body heat via the Na-K pump, and it participates in contra sport of glucose, K+, and Ca+

Question 38

Imbalances of what ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 38

Potassium (K+)

Question 39

Even though aldosterone _____ the tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, this is offset by an ______ in GFR; thus there is only a small _____ in urine output.

Answer 39

Increases, increase, decrease

Question 40

The atrial natriuretic peptides inhibit the secretion of what?

Answer 40

Renin and ADH

Question 41

Functions of Calcium

Answer 41

Bone and teeth development, participates in muscle contraction, acts as a factor in the blood clotting cascade, acts as a second messenger and activates exocytosis during neurotransmission

Question 42

What ion is the most abundant cation of the ICF?

Answer 42

Potassium K+

Question 43

Functions of chloride ions

Answer 43

Play a major role in the regulation of body pH, important in osmotic balance, contributes to the formation of stomach acid (HCl) , and participates in the chloride shift that accompanies CO2 loading and unloading with RBCs

Question 44

List compounds that phosphate is a necessary component of

Answer 44

ATP, GTP, cAMP, Phospholipids, Nucleic acids

Question 45

Potassium imbalances are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances. What is the most serious consequence of potassium imbalance?

Answer 45

Cardiac abnormalities

Question 46

List all that are affected by aldosterone

Answer 46

Blood pressure, urine volume, and blood volume

Question 47

Term for a compound that helps maintain a stable pH by binding protons if H+ concentration begins to rise, and releasing them into solution if H+ concentration falls

Answer 47

Chemical buffer

Question 48

3 major chemical buffer systems of the body

Answer 48

Phosphate, protein, and bicarbonate buffer systems

Question 49

What ion is the most abundant anion of the ECF?

Answer 49

Chloride (Cl-) , It is required for the formation of stomach acid and plays a major role in the regulation of body pH.

Question 50

Bicarbonate Buffer System equation

Answer 50

H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+

Question 51

Properties of Phosphate

Answer 51

Exists in fluids as an equilibrium mixture of phosphate, monohydrogen and dihydrogen phosphate, it can be generated by the hydrolysis of ATP, and it is a component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, GTP, and cAMP

Question 52

How can the respiratory system compensate for a drop in blood H+ concentrations?

Answer 52

Reduced pulmonary ventilation allows CO2 to accumulate, lowering pH back to normal

Question 53

Acidosis

Answer 53

Tissue fluid below pH 7.35

Question 54

What happens when body pH is below 6.8 or above 8.0?

Answer 54

This is quickly fatal as many of the body’s enzymes will become denatured

Question 55

The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ____ acid and bicarbonate ions

Answer 55

Weak

Question 56

Alkalosis

Answer 56

Tissue fluid pH above 7.45

Question 57

Lethal pH values

Answer 57

Above 7.7 or below 7.0