ch 22 test

Question 1

microscopic organisms that cause disease

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

the ability to resist infection and disease

Answer 2

immune response

Question 3

What are the 3 major parts to the lymphatic system?

Answer 3

lymph, lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), and lymphoid tissues and organs

Question 4

What is the function of the lymphatic system

Answer 4

to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes

Question 5

where are lymphocytes produced and by what stem cells

Answer 5

lymphoid tissues, organs, and red bone marrow; lymphoid stem cells

Question 6

4 physical properties of lymphatic capillaries

Answer 6

1. start as pockets rather than tubes
2. have larger diameters
3. thinner walls
4. flat or irregular outline in sectional view

Question 7

2 category of lymphocytes

Answer 7

deep and superficial

Question 8

duct that the base of the thoracic duct expands into

Answer 8

cisterna chili

Question 9

blockage of lymph drainage from a limb

Answer 9

lymphadema

Question 10

chronic or excessive enlargements of nodes

Answer 10

lymphadenopathy

Question 11

What are the 3 general classes of lymph

Answer 11

T cells, B cells, NK cells

Question 12

T cells types, function, and where formed

Answer 12

cytotoxic Tc- attack cells infected by viruses

Th-stim function of T and B cells

Question 13

B cell function and location

Answer 13

differentiate into plasma

red bone marrow

Question 14

NK cells function and ocation

Answer 14

large granular lymphocytes
attack foreign, virus infected, and cancer cells
red bone marrow

Question 15

targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound

Answer 15

antigen

Question 16

produce and secrete antibodies

Answer 16

plasma cell

Question 17

immunoglobulin proteins

Answer 17

antibody

Question 18

what is the immune system hormone that promotes differentiation of B cells in the bone marrow

Answer 18

cytokine (interleukin-7)

Question 19

what are the 3 lymph organs

Answer 19

spleen, nodes, thymus

Question 20

where will we find MALT

Answer 20

digestive system

Question 21

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph node

Answer 21

afferent lymphatics

Question 22

leave lymph node at hilum and carry lymph to venous circulation

Answer 22

efferent lymphatics

Question 23

lymph node function

Answer 23

filters lymph

Question 24

thymus function

Answer 24

produces several hormones that are important to the development and maintenance of immune defenses

Question 25

spleen function

Answer 25

1. removal of abnormal blood cells by phagocytes 2. storage of iron 3. initiates immune response by B and T cells

Question 26

What are the 2 major divisions in the body defenses?

Answer 26

innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)

Question 27

innate/nonspecific defenses

Answer 27

``` physical barriers phagocytes immunological surveillance inteferons complement inflammatory response fever ```

Question 28

chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells

Answer 28

inteferons

Question 29

system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in destruction of pathogens

Answer 29

complement

Question 30

localized tissue level response that tends to limit spread of injury or infection

Answer 30

inflammatory response

Question 31

what are different types of phagocytic cells

Answer 31

microphages- neutrophils and eosinophils | macrophages- fixed and free

Question 32

what cell does immunological surveillance and what chemical does it use to destroy the pathogen

Answer 32

NK cells, perforins

Question 33

what cell is chiefly responsible for starting and maintaining the inflammatory response; what 2 chemicals does it secrete?

Answer 33

mast cell; histamine and heparin

Question 34

initiates or enhances the inflammatory response

Answer 34

histamine

Question 35

anticoagulant

Answer 35

heparin

Question 36

what are the effects of the inflammatory response

Answer 36

temporary repair and barrier against pathogens retards spread of pathogens into surrounding area mobilization of local and synthetic defenses facilitation of regeneration

Question 37

what are the 4 hallmark signs of inflammation

Answer 37

swelling/tumor, redness/rubor, heat/calor, pain/dolar

Question 38

what are the 2 types of immunity?

Answer 38

active and passive

Question 39

what are the 2 types of gained immunity

Answer 39

naturally and artificially aquired

Question 40

types of immunity 1. child exposed to live flu virus 2. baby breast feeding 3. vaccine of MMR 4. antibodies like gamma globulin

Answer 40

1. active natural 2. natural passive 3. active artificial 4. passive artificial

Question 41

what are the 4 properties of immunity?

Answer 41

specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance

Question 42

what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 42

T cells

Question 43

role of class 1 MHC

Answer 43

pick up small peptides in cell and carry to the surface

Question 44

role of class 2 MHC

Answer 44

use antigenic fragments and antigen-presenting cells (APC) which activate T cells

Question 45

role of CD8

Answer 45

found on Tc and Ts cells, responds to class 1 MHC

Question 46

role of CD4

Answer 46

found on Th and responds to antigens on class 2 MHC

Question 47

Class 1 triggers what cells

Answer 47

T cells and all nucleated cells

Question 48

class 2 triggers what cells

Answer 48

phagocytic APCs- free and fixed macrophages, Kupfer cells (liver), microglia (CNS), Langerhans (skin), and dendritic cells of lymph nodes and spleen

Question 49

A cell activated by CD8 will undergo what steps to destroy the antigen presenting cell?

Answer 49

release perferin, secrete lymphotoxin, activates genes in target cell that cause it to die

Question 50

What are 4 key points of cytokine secretion from Th cells?

Answer 50

1. stem cell divisions 2. attract and stimulate macrophages 3. attract and stimulate Tc cells 4. promote activity of B cells

Question 51

B cell preperation for activation where antigens are processed in cell and reappear on surface bound to class 2 MHC

Answer 51

sensitization

Question 52

role of plasma

Answer 52

synthesize and secrete antibodies

Question 53

What is the structure of an antibody

Answer 53

2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains, one heavy and one light, where each chain contains constant segments and variable segments

Question 54

has 2 antigenic determinate sites

Answer 54

complete antigen

Question 55

must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen

Answer 55

hapten

Question 56

what are the 7 effects of immunoglobulins

Answer 56

1. neutralization of antigen binding sites 2. precipitation and agglutination (immune complex) 3. activates complement 4. activates phagocytes 5. opsonization increases phag efficiency 6. stimulation of inflammation 7. prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

Question 57

class of antibody IgG

Answer 57

resistance against toxins, most abundant and diverse, cross placenta

Question 58

class of antibody IgE

Answer 58

release histamine (allergies), basophils and mast cells

Question 59

class of antibody IgD

Answer 59

molecule on B cells that binds antigens (sensitization)

Question 60

class of antibody IgM

Answer 60

first class secreted after antigen encountered, plasma cells, causes agglutination of cross match

Question 61

class of antibody IgA

Answer 61

glandular secretions attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues, mucus, tears, saliva, semen

Question 62

a malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores normal antigens

Answer 62

autoimmune disorder

Question 63

result from problems w embryological development of lymphoid tissues, viral infections (HIV), immunosuppressant drugs or radiation treatments

Answer 63

immunodeficiency disease

Question 64

can be fatal, affects cells throughout body that produces swelling

Answer 64

anaphylaxis

Question 65

circulatory collapse from anaphylaxis

Answer 65

anaphalactic shock

Question 66

what is the role of an antihistamine

Answer 66

drugs that block histamine release from mast cells