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A and P 2 > Ch 23 and 24 test > Flashcards

Ch 23 and 24 test Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of respiratory system

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. move air to and from lungs
  3. protect and defend
  4. produce sounds
  5. smell
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2
Q

conducting portion of resp tract

A

anatomical dead space that goes from nasal passage through pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and large bronchioles

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3
Q

respiratory portion of resp tract

A

conducts gas exchange, includes bronchioles and alveoli

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4
Q

cell placement and function: mucosa of respiratory tract

  1. pseudostratefied ciliated columnar
  2. stratefied squamous
  3. cuboidal with cilia
  4. simple squamous
A
  1. most of tract, remove debris
  2. areas shared w digestive tract, abrasion from food
  3. bronchioles, remove debris
  4. alveoli, gas exchange
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5
Q

3 resp defenses

A
  1. goblet cells-mucous
  2. nasal hair-filter
  3. alvolar macrophages
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6
Q

function of sinuses

A

warm and humidify air, defense

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7
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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8
Q

superior portion of pharynx, holds pharyngeal tonsil, pseudostratefied ciliated columnar

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

A

larynx

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10
Q

glottis

A

opening of larynx

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11
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

large anterior shied of larynx, AKA adam’s apple

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12
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

forms entrance to trachea and protects posterior larynx

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13
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

aid in phonication

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14
Q

vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords for protection

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15
Q

vocal folds

A

true vocal cords

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16
Q

trachealis muscle

A

changes size of trachea

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17
Q

primary bronchi

A

right and left branches that go to each lung

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18
Q

carina

A

seperating point at inferior of trachea

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19
Q

root

A

entrance to each lung at hilus, contains bronchi and blood vessels

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20
Q

secondary bronchi

A

lobar, bronch to lobes of lung

3-right, 2-left

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21
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

segmental, branch to the bronchopulmonary segments of lobes

10-right, 8/9-left

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22
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest segments branching off tertiary bronchi

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23
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

no cartilage, end of conducting system/dead space, where bronchodilation and constriction have greatest effect

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24
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

begin gas exchange

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25
right lung lobes
1. superior 2. middle 3. inferior
26
left lung lobes
1. superior | 2. inferior
27
oblique fissure
separates superior and inferior lobes of left lung and superior and middle lobes from inferior on right
28
horizontal fissure
separates superior and middle lobes on right lung
29
alveolar ducts
connect resp bronchioles to alveolar sacs
30
alveoli cell- type 1
site of gas diffusion
31
alveoli cell- type 2
septal cells that produce surfectant
32
surfectant
chemical to decrease surface tension on alveolar membrane
33
how does gas exchange occur in cells
diffusion
34
external respiration
exchange of gasses between the interstitial fluids and external environment
35
3 phases of external respiration
1. pulmonary ventilation 2. gas diffusion 3. transport of O2 and CO2
36
Boyle's law
pressure= 1/volume of gas | to change the pressure, change the volume
37
eupenia
quiet breathing
38
quiet breathing muscles-2
diaphragm and external intercostals
39
hyperpenia
forced breathing
40
forced breathing muscles-6
diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalenes
41
quiet breathing exhalation
muscles relax- elastic rebound
42
forced breathing exhalation muscles
internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
43
compliance rib cage mobility- 3 factors
1. connective tissue of lungs 2. level of surfactant produced 3. mobility of thoracic cage
44
external environment pressure 1 ATM
760mmHg
45
quiet breathing pressure
759-inhale | 761-exhale
46
forced breathing pressure
730 inhale | 860 exhale
47
intrapleural pressure
-4 to allow for expansion
48
air enters pleural cavity due to penetrating injury of chest wall or a rupture of alveoli that breaks through visceral pleura
pneumothorax
49
atelectasis
collapsed lung
50
respiratory rate for adults
12-15 breaths a minute
51
minute volume
RRxTV
52
tidal volume
movement of air during normal quiet breathing-500ml
53
expiratory reserve volume- ERV
extra amount you can expel on forced breathing-1000ml
54
residual volume
air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation-1200
55
inspiratory reserve volume- IRV
air you can forcefully inhale-3300ml
56
inspiratory capacity
total air you can take in | TV+IRV
57
vital capacity
IRV+ERV+TV=4800ml
58
Dalton's law
partial pressures of gasses, each gas in a sample exhibits a pressure that contributes to the overall pressure of the gas
59
Henry's law
the partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas in a solution
60
5 factors that impact gas exchange efficiency
1. difference in pressures across membrane 2. small thickness of membrane 3. gases are lipid soluble 4. large surface area 5. blood flow and air flow are coordinated
61
oxyhemoglobin
oxygenated hemoglobin in RBC
62
once an oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin it is easier for the next one to bind
training effect
63
Bohr effect
Ph has an effect on release of oxygen- acidic=more O2 release
64
a compound generated by the formation of ATP in an RBC by glycolysis, more compound=O2 drop off increases
BPG
65
3 methods of CO2 transport
1. Carbonic acid- 70% 2. Carbaminohemoglobin- 23% 3. plasma diffusion-7%
66
respiratory centers of medulla oblongata-2
1. dorsal respiratory group | 2. ventral respiratory group
67
dorsal respiratory group- DRG
stimulates inspiration with quiet and forced breathing
68
ventral respiratory group- VRG
works only on forced breathing
69
pons response to receptor stimuli-2
1. apneustic center | 2. pneumotaxic center
70
apneustic center
modifies the depth of breathing and stimulates the DRG constantly
71
pneumotaxic center
modifies the rate of breathing and stimulates the VRG
72
hypercapnia
increase in the PCO2, hypoventilation is cause
73
hypocapnia
low PCO2, hyperventilation is cause
74
Hering-Brewer reflex
inflation reflex prevents overexpansion of the lungs during inhalation

A and P 2 (14 decks)

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