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RMT Program > Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cytology

A

Study of the cell structure

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2
Q

Define Organelles

A

small organs with characteristic shapes that have specific functions within the cell

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3
Q

What surrounds cells?

A

a selectively permeable cell membrane or plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer which helps contain the contents of the cell

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5
Q

define cytosol

A
  • The fluid that is found within cells

- also called intracellular fluid

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6
Q

what is the Cytoplasm

A

-This is the area within the cell making up the cytoplasm and organelles which don’t include the nucleus

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7
Q

What are the components of cytosol?

A

-Water (fluid solvent)
-ions nutrients, gasses, wastes, enzymes
(dissolved solutes)

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8
Q

Define Extracellular fluid

A

fluid found outside of the cell

  • interstitial fluid (found btw cells
  • Plasma - the liquid portion of the blood
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9
Q

What is another name for the plasma membrane

A

plasmalemma

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10
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane.

A
  • maintains the shape of cells
  • separates the cytoplasm of the cell from the external environment
  • selectively permeable due to the ability to maintain a different internal composition
  • composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates which are not in a fixed position
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11
Q

Define fluid mosaic model

A

describes the constantly changing form of cell membrane structure

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12
Q

what can cross the cell membrane?

A

-Non-polar or lipid-soluble substances

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13
Q

What is the process permeable substances move across the bilayer of a cell?

A

diffusion - substances can move down their concentration gradients

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14
Q

What substances are not able to cross the cell membrane?

A
  • polar or water-soluble substances

- charged ions

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15
Q

how do polar or water-soluble substances get into a cell?

A
  • Travel through channels in membrane proteins

- can also be transported into the cell by proteins against the concentration gradient

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16
Q

What are the key organelles?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus/complex
  • Mitochondria
  • Centrioles
  • cytoskeleton
  • Cilia and Flagella
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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of the nucleus

A
  • the control center for the cell
  • surrounded by the nuclear envelope (membrane)
  • contains genetic information in the form of DNA
  • DNA can be packed as Chromosomes when the cell is dividing
  • DNA is referred to as Chromatin when not dividing
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18
Q

What are Nucleoli?

A

Dark regions within the nucleus which are sites of ribosome formation

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19
Q

What are genes?

A

Specific regions on chromosomes that carry directions for making proteins

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20
Q

What is Chromatin

A
  • DNA that is found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing
  • Thin and diffuse
21
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

-When the nucleus is dividing, DNA becomes thick and rod-shaped packages

22
Q

Describe the characteristics of ribosomes

A
  • composed of protein and ribosomal RNA
  • found in the nucleus, free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to a membrane inside the cell
  • site of protein synthesis
23
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • composed of flattened sacs made of lipid bilayers
  • membrane network expands throughout the cytoplasm
  • Rough ER: has ribosomes attached and makes protein
  • Smooth ER: has no ribosomes attached, makes lipids, more membranes, detoxifies substances, or stores substances
24
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Golgi apparatus/complex

A
  • membranous organelle
  • collects, packages, and distributes proteins make by rough ER
  • proteins can then be retained and used by the cell or shipped out of the cell
25
Describe the characteristics of the mitochondria,
- very small and membranous - many in cells that require energy - site of aerobic cellular respiration - All enzymes must be present for cellular respiration to occur
26
Define Cellular Respiration
cells generate energy in the form of ATP which is generated by breaking down glucose
27
Define Cytoskeleton
a complex arrangement of filamentous proteins which plays a role in cell shape or cytoskeleton and internal movement
28
What is an example of a cytoskeleton?
microtubules
29
What are microtubules
Makes up a number of organelles including centrioles, cilia, and flagella
30
Define Centrioles
paired and barrel-shaped organelles made up of microtubules
31
What is the function of centrioles?
- assist in the formation of cilia and flagella | - involved in the assembly of microtubules to form the spindle apparatus
32
What is the spindle apparatus?
required for the movement of chromosomes during cell division
33
What are Flagella and cilia?
- made from microtubules and are anchored to cells - sperm cells have 1 flagellum, loner than cilia - cilia are found on the free surface of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract
34
List the functions of cells and what are the process called for those functions?
1. Protein synthesis - transcription - translation 2. Cell Division - mitosis - meiosis 3. Cellular Respiration - aerobic - anaerobic
35
Define Protein synthesis
the formation of proteins using genetic information that is found in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that make up a gene
36
What is Transcription
- the first step in protein synthesis - occurs in the nucleus - The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a single strand of RNA - mRNA leaves the cell through the nuclear pore
37
What is Translation
- the second step in protein synthesis - translates nucleic acids into the language understood by proteins - free ribosomes or ribosomes of rough ER mRNA + tRNA from peptide bonds between amino acids to form polypeptides following the directions from mRNA nucleotide sequence
38
How do the Endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Complex work together in a cell?
- ribosomes produce proteins - the proteins are transferred in a vesicle to the Golgi complex - the Golgi complex packages proteins and then transports them
39
What is cell division
- cells divide to make more cells - all living things composed of tissue start off as a single-cell unit called the fertilized egg - There are 2 types of division mitosis and meiosis, mitosis is the main type of cell division
40
What is mitosis
- 1 cell divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells with the same DNA and chromosomes - key for the growth of bones in children, growth of hair, and repairing tissue
41
What are stem cells?
cels that repair under mitosis such as hair follicles, skin, red bone marrow
42
What is Meiosis
-occurs in gonads -produces gametes -gametes have 1/2 number of chromosomes and are each genetically unique gametes fuse the number of chromosomes is completed
43
How does cell division work?
-Cells are not always dividing they have various stages called cell cycles
44
What is a cell cycle
accounts for periods of cell division or when a cell is carrying out its specific function
45
What is Cellular Respiration?
the process used by cells to convert food energy into usable energy in the body - called ATP - used for growth transport and chemical reactions - usually involves mitochondria
46
what is the formula for Cellular Respiration?
glucose + oxygen ->Carbon Dioxide + Water | -ATP is formed
47
What is ATP
-stores energy in high-energy phosphate bonds -energy is received by breaking bonds of glucose -energy fuels other reactions -There are 2 types of cellular respiration (anaerobic and aerobic)
48
What is Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?
- doesn't require oxygen - produces lactic acid in muscles - 2 molecules of ATP are produced / glucose molecule
49
What is aerobic Cellular Respiration?
- Requires oxygen | - 36 molecules of ATP / glucose are produced

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