Tissues and Intigmentary Flashcards
1
Q
what is the definition of tissue
A
group of similar cells that function together
2
Q
Define histology
A
study of tissues
3
Q
List the different types of tissues in the body give a brief description of their roles in the body
A
- epithelial: covers, lines, forms glands
- Connective: protects, supports, binds, provides immunity
- muscle: contracts and regulates volume or creates movement
- nervous: electrical communication
4
Q
Describe epithelial tissues
A
- consist of tightly joined cells arranged in continuous sheets
- single /multilayer
- free surface called apical surface
- adheres to connective tissue via basement membrane at the basal surface
5
Q
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
A
-Protection
-absorption
-filtration
-lubrication
sensory reception
6
Q
What are the 2 types of major epithelium?
A
- Cover and Linings
- Glandular
7
Q
What are cover and lining epithelium
A
- Cover surface area of skin (epidermis)
- lines internal organs; stomach bladder, lunges
- inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities
8
Q
What are glandular epithelium? what are some examples?
A
- secreting portion of glands (endocrine and exocrine)
- sweat glands, salivary, thyroid
9
Q
How are epithelial tissues classified
A
- number of layers
- shape of the tissues
10
Q
List the layer of tissues in epithelial cells
A
- Simple: single layers of cells
- Stratified - 2 or more layers
- pseudo-stratified - single layer but appears stratified
11
Q
What are the characteristics of simple epithelial tissues?
A
- single layer of cells.
- thin to incleare membrane transport like diffusion
12
Q
What are the characteristics of stratified epithelial cells?
A
- 2 or more layers of cells
- thicker for protection from wear and tear
13
Q
What are the characteristics of pseudo-stratified epithelial cells?
A
- “falsely stratified “
- looks multilayered but only has one layer
- nuclei at different hight in the row of cells.
14
Q
List of shape classification of epithelial cells
A
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Transitional
15
Q
what are the characteristics of squamous epithelial cells?
A
- Flattened, scale like cells
- thin for increasing membrane transport (filtration, diffusion, osmosis)
16
Q
What are the characteristics of cuboidal epithelial tissues
A
- cube-shaped with central, round nucleus
- membrane transporter (secretion, absorption)
17
Q
What are the characteristics of columnar epithelial tissues?
A
- Tall, cylindrical cells, rectangular
- Oval nuclei appear at same height in the cells.
- Functions to protect, membrane transport (secretion, absorption, can be ciliated)
18
Q
What are the characteristics of transitional epithelial tissue
A
-cells that are able to change shape and stretch
19
Q
List the additional features of epithelial tissue
A
- Keratinized
- glandular
- cilia
- microvilli or brush boarder
20
Q
What is keratinized epithelial tissue
A
- dead cells full of tough, fibrous protein
- mechanical protection
21
Q
What are goblet cells and what is their function?
A
- modified columnar cell
- contain goblet cells which secrete mucus, a sticky fluid
- mucus acts as a lubricant, traps particles, and protects the epithelium of stomach lining
22
Q
What is cilia epithelial tissue?
A
thin, hair-like microtubule structures on surface of cells that sweeps mucus trapped particles away
23
Q
What is the microvilli or brush boarder
A
-very small tiny, finger like projections of the plasma membrane of a cell that increase surface area of the cell for absorption
24
Q
List the types of epithelial tissues in the body
A
- Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Simple ciliated, glandular epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium
25
Describe simple Squamous Epithelial tissue
- found in low wear and tear areas
- associated with blood capillaries and respiratory surface of lung alveoli
- thin to increase the rate of diffusion for gas and fluid exchange
26
Describe Simple ciliated, glandular epithelial tissue
- found lining upper respiratory track, filopian tubes, uterus, sinuses
- adapted to move across fluids or particles along a passage by ciliation action
27
Describe Stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Where is this tissue found?
- found lining wet surfaces where it is non-keratinized stratified squamous and all the cells in the layers are living
- found in the outer layer of skin where it is keratinized providing a dead thick layer adapted for protection
28
Define Glandular epithelium
highly specialized epithelial cell or group of cells that secretes substances onto a surface, into ducts or into the blood
29
What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
- endocrine
| - Exocrine
30
What are the characteristics of endocrine glands?
- secretes hormones into extracellular fluid and then usually into the blood
- ductless glands
- ex: human growth hormone produced by pituitary gland
31
What are the characteristics of exocrine glands?
- secretes substances onto the free surface of coverings or lining epithelia
- secretions reach free surface through ducts (tubes)
- Ex: sweat glands, oil glands, salary glands
32
What are connective tissues?
- consist of a few cells and a matrix composed of ground substance and fibres
- most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
33
what are the types of cells found in connective tissue
- fibroblasts
- osteocytes
- chondrocytes
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
34
What are the types of fibers found in connective tissue
- collagen
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
35
What is the functions of connective tissue?
- gluing tissue together
- storing energy
- structural support
- transport
- insulation
36
What are some examples of connective tissue?
- dermis of skin
- cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and bone
- blood and lymph
37
What is ground substance?
the components of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers.
38
What is the function of ground substance?
- Supports cells
- binds cells together
- provides a medium through which substances are exchanged between blood and cells
39
What are the types of connective tissue?
- Areolar tissue
- Adipose tissue
- Dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Bone or osseous Tissue
- Blood
- Lymph
40
Describe areolar tissue; where is it found?
- widely distributed throughout the body
- filter type of connective tissue that glues tissue together
- found in subcutaneous layer of skin
- found in walls of organs
41
Describe Adipose tissue;
- contains large amounts of adipocytes which store fat or triglycerides
- white fat functions in protection, insulation, and energy storage
42
Describe dense regular connective tissue; where is it found?
- collagen fibers irregularly arranged in bundles
- very strong (against pulling in 1 direction) yet pliable
- found in tendons and ligaments
43
Describe dense irregular connective tissue
- contains collagen fibres that have no regular arrangement
| - occurs in sheets in places of the body where forces are exerted in more than 1 direction
44
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found
- facia coverings,
- muscles,
- dermis of skin,
- heart valves,
- joint capsules
45
Describe hyaline cartilage
- Chondrocytes are embedded in a pliable matrix of fine fibres and gel-like ground substance
- provides flexibility, support, reduces friction and absorbs shock
- capable of enduring more stress than dense connective tissue
46
What is the name for cartilage cells?
Chondrocytes
47
Where is hyaline cartilage found>
- ends of long bone
- rib cartilage
- nose
- larynx
- trachea
- embryonic skeleton
48
Describe bone or osseous tissue
- located in a matrix composed of collagen fibres and minerals
- classified as compact (dense) or spongy (cancalous)
49
what are bone cells called?
Osteocytes
50
Where is the role of minerals and collagen fibers in bone tissue?
- convey hardness
| - provide tensile strength
51
What is the function of bone tissue?
- provide protection
- support
- attachment for muscle
- contains red bone marrow for blood cell formation
- acts in mineral storage (calcium)
52
Describe blood connective tissue
- transports gasses, nutrients, vits, minerals, hormones, and other substances through the body
- plays role in immunity
53
Why is blood considered to be connective tissue
-composed widely of scattered cells in a matrix
54
What is the name for the liquid matrix of blood?
Plasma
55
What substances are suspended in blood plasma
- formed elements
- cells
- cell fragments
56
What are the cells found in the blood?
- erythrocytes - red blood cells
- leukocytes - white blood cells
- thrombocytes - platelets
57
Describe lymph
- composed of excessive tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that flows into lymphatic vessels in be retuned to blood
- lymph fluid is similar to blood plasma but has less protein and no red blood cells
58
What is the function of lymph?
-returns excessive tissue build to the blood,
-transports absorbed dietary fats
provides immunity
59
Describe Skeletal muscle
- striated, light and dark regions alternating (actin and myosin)
- voluntary contraction
- multinucleate, large cells
60
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue
- locomotion
- posture
- heat production
61
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
- muscle of the heart
- striated and branched
- involuntary control
- autorhythmic, can contract on own and without nervous system input
62
Describe smooth muscle tissue
- non striated (smooth look)
| - involuntary control
63
Where is smooth muscle located?
- walls of blood vessels
- airways
- stomach
- intestines
- urinary bladder
64
What is the function of smooth muscle
- contract to constrict the lumen of a hollow structure
- mixes food
- propels foodstuff
- vary the volume of a structure
