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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Sensory Structure
  • Spinal Nerves
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Neuroglia
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4
Q

What are the sensory parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Somatic and Special sensory receptors (SNS)
  • Autonomic sensory receptors and neurons (ANS)
  • GI tract and entric plexus Sensory receptors and neutrons (ENS)
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5
Q

What are the motor parts of PNS

A
  • somatic motor neurons (voluntary)
  • Autonomic motor neurons (involuntary)
  • Enteric motor neurons (involuntary)
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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic motor neurons?

A
  • Parasympathetic

- Sympathetic

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7
Q

What are the effectors?

A
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle,
  • cardiac muscle,
  • gland
  • enteric and endocrine cells of GI tract
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8
Q

what is nervous tissue composed of

A
  • Neuroglia

- Neurons

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9
Q

what is another name for neuroglia cells?

A

-Glia cells

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10
Q

what are neuroglia cells

A

support cells within the nervous system

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11
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A
  • mechanical support
  • nutrient supply to neurons
  • immunity
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12
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

specialized neuroglia cells

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13
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

lay down a myelin sheath around axons

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14
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath

A

acts as an electrical insulator which speeds up nerve impulse transmission along the axon

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15
Q

What are nerve cells (neurons)

A
  • main functional unit of nervous system
  • turn stimulus (chemical, mechanical, light) into electrical signal known as an action potential
  • communicate between other nerve cells and send impulses to muscle or glands
  • composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axon
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16
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A
  • sensory neuron (afferent)
  • Motor neuron (efferent)
  • Association neuron (interneurons)
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17
Q

Describe Sensory Neurons

A

-carry nerve impulses from sensory structures and touch receptors to central nervous system

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18
Q

Describe motor neurons

A
  • Carry nerve stimuli from CNS to PNS

- synapse with muscle cells to produce a contraction or with a gland to cause a secretion

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19
Q

Describe association neurons

A

-receive information from sensory or other associated neurons, process it and pass it on to another association neuron or motor neuron

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20
Q

What is the most prevalent type of neuron in the body?

A
  • Association neurons

- accounts for 99% of neurons in body

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21
Q

What are the types of structures of neurons?

A
  • Multipolar neuron
  • Bipolar neuron
  • unipolar neuron
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22
Q

What is the order of function as an impulse moves towards the CNS?

A
  • Sensory Receptor
  • spinal cord
  • thalmus
  • cerebrum
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23
Q

What is the order of function as an impulse moves away from the CNS?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • upper motor neuron
  • spinal cord
  • lower motor neuron
  • skeletal muscle
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24
Q

Describe Grey matter

A
  • consist mainly of cell bodies of neurons
  • found on the surface of the brain
  • internal, butterfly shape of spinal cord
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25
Describe White matter where is it located?
- consists of myelinated axons - centralized in the brain to form tracts - peripheral with spinal cord
26
What are mennings
a special connective tissue layers found in the brain and spinal cord
27
what is the function of mennings
- protect the brain - anchor it within the skull - location for blood vessels
28
What are the major regions of the brain
- Cerebrum - Pituitary Gland - hypothalamus - cerebellum - brain stem
29
what are the regions of the cerebrum
- Cerebral Cortex - basal ganglia - limbic system
30
What is the structure of the cerebral cortex?
- outer grey matter (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia - expands and envelops the midbrain - highly folded to accommodate an increased number of interneurons - left and right hemispheres each divide into specialized lobes
31
What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?
- Frontal - Parietal - Temporal - Occipital - Insula (deep to the other lobes laterally)
32
what are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
- Sensory Areas-Interpret sensory input - Motor Areas - store and determine motor output - Association Areas-emotions, intelligence, language
33
What is the basal ganglia
-involved in control of large, automatic muscle movements and muscle tone
34
what is the limbic system?
- "emotional brain" | - pain, pleasure, anger, fear
35
What is the pituitary gland?
- Release hormones (human growth hormone) | - subdivided into anterior and posterior pituitary each releasing different hormones
36
what is the Hypothalamus
communication centre between the endocrine and nervous system
37
What does the hypothalamus regulate
- release of hormones from the pituitary glands - hunger, thirst, sexual response, and pleasure - contains bodies thermostat - relaxation state of body vs stress reaction
38
what is the relaxation state of the body called?
-parasympathetic nervous system
39
What is the flight or fight state of the body called?
-sympathetic nervous system
40
What is the cerebellum
- involved in unconscious regulation of balance and some locomotion movements - hand eye coordination
41
What components make up the brainstem?
- medulla oblongata - midbrain - pons
42
what is the role of the brainstem?
- connects spinal cord inferiorly | - connects to the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
43
what is the characteristics of the medulla oblongata
-thickened stalk at the base of the brain
44
What is the function of the medulla oblongata
- controls subconscious activities | - ie respiration and heart rate
45
What is the spinal cord composed of?
- outer white matter | - inner grey matter
46
what is grey matter composed of?
-cell bodies of motor and sensory neurons associated with spinal nerves
47
What is white matter composed of?
- groups of myelinated axons - sensory or afferent axons to the brain - motor or efferent away from the brain
48
What is the spinal cord protected by?
- mennings | - bone
49
What is the function of the spinal cord?
- relay info to and from brain - integrate simple responses to certain stimuli - controls aspects of body through reflexes
50
What are reflexes?
-fast, automatic preprogrammed responses to internal or external stimuli
51
What are common reflex stimuli?
- receptors -located in skin viscera, blood vessel, muscles - sensory or afferent neurons - integration centres -grey matter of spinal cord segment - motor or efferent neurons - effector - muscle or gland
52
What are examples of reflexes
-withdrawing hand due to painful stimuli -breathing rate -heart rate -secreting from sweat gland blinking
53
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves which travel the spinal cord and exit at each intervertebral space - 12 pair of cranial nerves - exit at brain
54
What are nerves
bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue coverings
55
What are plexuses
Spinal nerves branch when they leave the spinal cord
56
Define Rami
networks between nerve branches
57
Define Plexus
Rami that from the final nerves that supply skeletal muscles and glands
58
What are the 4 principle plexuses?
- Cervical (neck) - Brachial (arms) - Lumbar (legs) - Sacral (legs)
59
what is the sensory system of the somatic peripheral nervous system?
-Sensory neurons from receptors to the CNS
60
What is the motor system of the somatic peripheral nervous system?
-Motor neurons form the CNS to effectors (muscle and glands)
61
Describe the somatic nervous system
- motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles for locomotion, feeding, speech, etc - voluntary, consciously control this system
62
Describe automatic nervous system
- motor neurons are involuntary | - controls HR, digestion, excretion, glandular organs, smooth muscle of blood vessels
63
What are 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic | - Parasympathetic
64
Describe the sympathetic nervous system
- involved in the expenditure of energy as well as flight and fight response - increases metabolic rates - increases Heart rate - decreases activity of the stomach and intestines
65
Describe the parasympathetic nervous system
- conserves energy or (SLUDD) - decreases metabolic rate - decreases heart rate - increases activity of the stomach and intestines
66
What does SLUDD stand for
- Salvation - Lacrimation - Urination - Digestion - Defication

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