Respiratory System

Question 1

Define respiration

Answer 1

process of gas exchange in which organisms exchange CO2 and oxygen with their environment.

Question 2

what is the correlation btwn the respiratory system and cellular respiration

Answer 2

• they work together but function independently
• aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen to break bods of glucose
• respiratory system is needed to obtain more oxygen and eliminate co2

Question 3

what are the 3 stages of respiration

Answer 3

• pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
• external or pulmonary respiration
• internal or tissue respiration

Question 4

what are the 2 parts of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 4

inspiration

expiration

Question 5

Describe Inspiration

Answer 5

• inhalation

- fill the spaces of the lungs with air

Question 6

Describe expiration

Answer 6

• another name for exhalation

- expel the air after gas exchange

Question 7

Describe pulmonary respiration

Answer 7

gas exchange between the lung spaces and the blood in the lung capillaries

Question 8

Describe tissue respiration

Answer 8

the exchange of gas between the blood in systemic capillaries and metabolically active cells such as skeletal muscles

Question 9

Describe the gross anatomy of lungs

Answer 9

• located in the thoracic cavity
• protected by the ribs and sternum
• below the lungs is the diaphragm
• each lung is divided into lobes
• between the lungs and slightly to the left is the heart

Question 10

Define diaphragm

Answer 10

flat sheet of skeletal muscle that contracts to cause inspiration

Question 11

List the lobes of the lungs

Answer 11

• right lung has 3 lobes

- left has 2 lobes

Question 12

List the structures of the respiratory system

Answer 12

• nostrils or external nares
• nasal cavity
• pharynx or throat
• epiglottis
• larynx or voice box
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli

Question 13

Describe External nares

Answer 13

-paired openings in the respiratory tract lined with hair for filtering particles

Question 14

Describe the nasal cavity

Answer 14

• space inside nose
• passageway for air, warms and humidifies the incoming air
• modifies sounds for speech
• olfactory epithelia used for detecting odours

Question 15

Describe the pharynx

Answer 15

• common passageway for food, air, liquids
• modifies speech for sound
• location of tonsils

Question 16

Describe the epiglottis

Answer 16

• moveable flap of cartilage over the voice box

- prevents the passage of food and liquid down the wrong way when swallowing

Question 17

Describe the larynx

Answer 17

• cartilaginous structure leading to the trachea

- location of vocal cords which are responsible for sound production

Question 18

Describe the trachea

Answer 18

• airway leading to the lungs

- held open by c shaped rings of cartilage

Question 19

Describe the bronchi

Answer 19

• branches off trachea held open by cartilage plates

- forms bronchial tree

Question 20

Describe bronchioles

Answer 20

smooth muscles in walls to regulate diameter

Question 21

Describe alveoli

Answer 21

• clusters of blind-ended sacs at the ends of bronchioles
• where gas exchange occurs
• lined with simple squamous epithelium

Question 22

Describe the airways in the respiratory system

Answer 22

• nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles lined with ciliated, glandular epithelium with goblet cells which secret mucus
• mucus traps inhaled particles and cilia sweep them up to the pharynx to be swallowed
• walls of smaller vessels, bronchioles may have smooth muscles to regulate their diameter
• larger airways (trachea, bronchi) have cartilage rings or plates to keep them from collapsing
• areas of gas exchange are composed of simple squamous epithelium only
• includes alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles

Question 23

Describe the respiratory membrane

Answer 23

• gas exchange occurs btwn alveolar spaces and the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. These gasses cross layers of tissue called the respiratory membrane
• Many elastic fibres surround the alveoli

Question 24

List what the respiratory membrane tissue consists of

Answer 24

• thin alveolar simple squamous cell
• thin alveolar basement membrane
• basement membrane of the capillary endothelial cells
• endothelial cells of capillaries

Question 25

What factors make the respiratory membrane a very efficient gas exchange site

Answer 25

- large surface area - 750million /lung - moist - vascularized-many capillaries - thin- squamous cells involved - partial pressure gradient similar to concentration gradient

Question 26

How does the transportation of oxygen work in the respiratory system

Answer 26

- oxygen is transported by the cardio system from the lunge to tissues, like skeletal muscles for cellular respiration - occurs from left side of the heart from the left ventricle - oxygen is not very soluble in water so most of it is transported in the blood bound respiratory pigments - the brain and heart myst have oxygen to survive

Question 27

what are respiratory pigments

Answer 27

proteins which contain metal ions to which oxygen binds

Question 28

What is hemoglobin

Answer 28

a respiratory pigment found in red blood cells that contain iron

Question 29

Describe the transport of carbon dioxide

Answer 29

- co2 is produced in the tissues by cellular respiration - hemoglobin transport some co2 when oxygen leaves - co2 can dissolve in plasma - bicarbonate ions is the main method of transportation found within plasma - results in formation of acidic H+ ions

Question 30

What is hyperventilation

Answer 30

- fast breathing rate | - assists in eliminating co2 from plasma

Question 31

What happens when we hold our breaths

Answer 31

- our bodies retains co2 for a short while | - reflexes activities if levels become to high in the plasma

Question 32

How does ventilation function

Answer 32

- inspiration, inhaling, contracts diaphragm | - expiration, exhaling, relaxes the diaphragm

Question 33

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration

Answer 33

- contracts which mean it drop, increases the volume of the thoracic cavity - causes pressure to drop, below atmospheric pressure - negative pressure ventilation - air is sucked in through the external nares into the lungs to equalize the pressure - lung tissue expands, stretching elastic fibers

Question 34

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration

Answer 34

- volume of the thoracic cavity decreases as diaphragm rises - elastic fibers recoil back to shorter resting lengths - increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity higher than atmospheric pressure - air flows out of equalize pressure again

Question 35

Describe the differences in atmospheric pressure during ventilation of the lungs

Answer 35

- atmospheric pressure always 760mm Hg - at rest atmospheric pressure is equal to alveolar pressure = 760mm Hg - during inhalation, alveolar pressure = 758mm Hg - during exhalation, relaxation, alveolar pressure - 762mm Hg