Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
a process of cutting up or the study of the structure of the body
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
Study of the function of the body
3
Q
Define Pathology
A
Study of disease or when the body is not in a steady-state
4
Q
What are the levels of organization in the body?
A
Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Systems, Organism
5
Q
List the components of the chemical level of organization of the body.
A
- Subatomic particles,
- Atoms,
- Inorganic compounds,
- organic compounds
6
Q
What are subatomic particles?
A
smaller than atoms, consist of protons, electrons, neutrons
7
Q
What are atoms?
A
the basic subunit of elements that make up matter
8
Q
What are inorganic molecules?
A
includes water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
9
Q
What are organic molecules
A
- chemical building blocks of living things,
- store energy,
- composed of carbon and hydrogen
10
Q
Define Cells
A
Smallest living things and basic structural unit of an organism
11
Q
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
A
Surrounds a cell. Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell
12
Q
What are organelles?
A
Found within cells. Specialized parts of a cell each with a particular function
13
Q
Define Tissues
A
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them, work together to serve a common function
14
Q
what are the 4 types of tissues?
A
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
15
Q
What are epithelial tissues
A
covers, lines, and forms glands
16
Q
What are connective tissues?
A
protects, supports, binds, and provides immunity
17
Q
What are muscle tissues?
A
able to contract to cause movement or change the volume of structures
18
Q
What is nervous tissue?
A
Transmits nerve impulses
19
Q
Define Organs?
A
groups of tissues working together to serve a common function. Has a recognizable shape
20
Q
What are examples of Organs?
A
skin, kidney, the skull, stomach, brain, heart
21
Q
Define the Organ system level of organization?
A
are composed of groups of organs working together to carry out a common function
22
Q
Define organ systems
A
Composed of groups of organs that work together to perform a common function.
23
Q
What are the 11 organ systems in the body?
A
Intigmentary, cardiovascular, muscular, uranary, digestive, respiratory, skeletal, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, lymphatic.
24
Q
What are the components of the intigmentary system?
A
Skin, hair, nails, oil and sweat glands
25
What are the functions of the intigmentary?
- Regulates body temperature,
- protects the body,
- eliminates some waste,
- helps make vit. D,
- detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth, cold
26
What are the components of the skeletal system
Bones, Joints, and their associated cartilage
27
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscles to attach, assists with body movement, stores cells that produce red blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids
28
What are the components of the muscular system?
Refers to skeletal muscles (muscles that attach to bone)
29
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- participates in body movements,
- maintains posture,
- produces heat
30
What are the components of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes, ears, etc)
31
What are the functions of the nervous system?
control system that regulates body actives through never impulses. Detects changes in the environment, interprets those changes, and responds to the changes by glandular secretions or muscular contractions
32
What are the components of the Endocrine system
All glands and tissues that produce hormones
33
What are hormones
chemicals secreted by glands that regulates body functions
34
What are the functions of the endocrine system
Control system that regulates body activities through hormones. Transported by blood to various target organs
35
What are the components of the cardiovascular system
Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels
36
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system
- heart pumps blood through the blood vessels
- blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
- helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids
- blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
37
List the components of the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic fluid,
- lymphatic vessels,
- spleen,
- lymph nodes,
- tonsils.
- Cells that carry out immune responses. (Beta and T cells and others)
38
What is the function of the lymphatic system
- returns protein and fluid to blood
- carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
- contains sites of maturation and proliferation of beta and T cells, which protects against disease causing microbes
39
List the components of the digestive system?
organs of the gastrointestinal tract
-mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
Accessory digestive organs
-salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
40
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- Physically and chemically break down food stuff
- absorb nutrients
- eliminate solid waste
41
List the components of the respiratory system.
Lunges and air passageways, Pharynx (throat), Larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes leading into and out of them
42
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Transfer oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and co2 from the blood to exhaled air
- helps regulate acidity of body fluids
- produces sound from the vocal cords
43
List the components of the Urinary system
Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra
44
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Produces, stores and eliminates urine
- eliminates waste
- regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- helps regulate acidity of body fluid
- maintains body mineral balance
- helps regulate red blood cell production
45
List the components of the Reproductive system
Gonads (testes or ovaries)
Associated organs female
-uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Associated organs male
-epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, penis
46
What is the function of the reproductive system?
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes), they untie to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
- associated organs transport and store gametes
- mammary glands produce milk
47
How does an organism work.
All the parts of organization work together to become a living organism.
48
What are the characteristic of living things?
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Reproduction, Differentiation
49
Define Metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes occurring in the body
50
How does metabolism work?
We ingest food, break it down, use it to supply energy for chemical reactions in the body or use it for building cells and other body components
51
What are the 2 components to metabolism?
Anabolism and Catabolism
52
what is Anabolism?
building smaller units into larger molecules which requires energy.
- Amino acids into proteins
53
What is Catabolism?
Breaking larger molecules up into smaller parts. This releases energy.
-proteins into amino acids
54
What is meant by Responsiveness of a living organism?
Living organisms can sense and respond to stimuli.
-Externally; light, outside temp, touch, pain
-Internally; body temp, blood pressure, glucose and oxygen levels, pH (acidity)
Utilizes different organ systems
-sensory organs, nervous system, muscles and glands
55
What is meant by movement of a living organism
-Have the capacity for movement externally such as working, and internally such as the beating of the heart.
56
What is meant by growth of a living organism.
All living organisms are capable of growth. Increase the size of individual cells or the number of cells
57
what is meant by reproduction of living organisms
refers to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement. Also the union of gametes to form offspring
58
What is meant by differentiation of a living organism?
- process in which we develop from a zygote created by fertilization into a specialized multicellular organism.
- Each cell type in the body has a specialized functions
59
what is homeostasis?
the bodies ability to maintain a steady state or equilibrium internally inspite of internal or external environmental changes
60
What are Homeostatic Imbalances
Occur when equilibrium is disrupted by internal or external stimuli
61
What are feedback mechanisms within the body?
cycle of events the body deploys to attempt to return the controlled condition back to an acceptable set point range
62
What is the sequence in a general feedback system in the body?
1) stimulus disrupts homeostasis
2) receptor
3) input
4) control centre (brain and spinal cord)
5) output
6) effector (usually muscles or glands
63
What is a negative feedback mechanism in the body?
| what are two examples
- Reverses the effect of the original stimulus.
- If a stimulus causes blood pressure to rise, it gets lowered by the body affecting the diameter of blood vessels
- If blood glucose rises, blood glucose levels are decreased by the production of a hormone called insulin
64
What is a positive feedback mechanism in the body?
| Give 2 examples.
Enhances the effect of the original stimulus.
- when labor contractions begin positive feedback mechanism contracts smooth muscle until baby is delivered
- if a vessel is punctured blood clotting starts, rate of clotting is increased until the hole is plugged.
65
what is Anatomical position?
- standing facing the person, head level
- eyes facing forward
- feet flat and directed forward
- arms at the side with palms turned forward
- Anterior surface facing towards you (front side)
- Posterior surface facing away (backend)
66
Prone
Lying face down
67
Supine
Lying face up
68
Superior (cephalic, cranial)
above, higher than, towards the head, upper part
69
Inferior (caudal)
below, lower than, away from the head
70
anterior (ventral)
before, in front of, nearer to front
71
posterior (dorsal)
towards the rear, behind, back of body
72
medial
pertaining to the middle, nearer to midline
73
lateral
pertaining to the side, farther from the midline
74
intermediate
situated btwn 2 structures
75
ipsilateral
on the same side
76
contralateral
on the opposite side
77
proximal
- nearest the point of attachment
| - centre of the body or point of reference
78
distal
farthest form the centre, from the medial line or from trunk
79
superficial
confined to the surface, towards or on the surface
80
deep
below the surface
