Ch 3 Sensation and Perception Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
brightness
A
amplitude of a light wave
2
Q
color
A
wavelength of a light wave
3
Q
saturation
A
perceived purity of color
4
Q
pupil
A
dilates to allow different amounts of light in
5
Q
iris
A
muscles control pupil size
6
Q
aqueous humor
A
clear liquid at front of eye, provides nourishment
7
Q
cornea
A
bends light to hit retina
8
Q
vitreous humor
A
jelly liquid in center of eye that provides shape
9
Q
lens
A
changes shape to focus on object
10
Q
retina
A
photoreceptor cells for light processing
11
Q
optic nerve
A
sends info from photoreceptors
12
Q
visual accomodation
A
lens changes thickness to focus on objects; people lose ability for lens to accommodate, need glasses
13
Q
rods
A
see black and white, have low sharpness, good at low light levels
14
Q
cones
A
fine detail in light, see color and movement
15
Q
how the eye sees
A
separates into left and right visual fields, the cornea sees a flipped image, brain accommodates; each visual cortex gets half of the image
16
Q
dark adaptation
A
when rods in the eye slowly takeover vision
17
Q
trichromatic theory
A
three cones for red, blue, and green; brain computes color from amount of light the cone gets and how fast it fires (wavelength)
18
Q
opponent-process theory
A
accounts for afterimages; red and green vs blue and yellow and are paired as opposites; when one is stimulated the other is inhibited
19
Q
color blindness
A
occurs when cones are defective
20
Q
humonculus
A
areas of the body with concentrated nerve endings where sensations are more sensetive
21
Q
what is sound
A
the vibrations of molecules
22
Q
pitch
A
wavelength of sound
23
Q
timbre
A
richness of sound
24
Q
volume
A
amplitude of sound
25
frequency of sound
determines the sounds you can hear
26
pinna
outer part of the ear that funnels sound
27
auditory canal
tunnel to the eardrum
28
eardrum parts
hammer, anvil, stirrup
29
eardrum
three bones in the ear vibrate from sound and amplify the vibrations, vibrates the oval window
30
oval window
makes fluid in the cochlea vibrate
31
cochlea
fluid sac with basilir membrane inside
32
basilir membrane
vibrates organ with hair cells that are sound receptors
33
pitch of sound and anatomy: place theory
place theory where hair cells are stimulated, the closer to the oval window, the higher the pitch
34
pitch of sound and anatomy: frequency theory
frequency theory where basilir membrane vibrates, the faster it vibrates the higher the pitch
35
pitch of sound and anatomy: volley principle
three groups of neurons fire in succession dividing the frequency so certain neurons create different sounds
36
pitch of sound and anatomy: correctness
place theory works for high pitch, frequency theory works for low pitch, volley theory accounts for ringing in the ears
37
conduction hearing impairment
vibrations don't transfer to the cochlea
38
nerve hearing impairment
permanent damage to ear neurons or the brain receptors after high volume
39
taste receptors
taste is called gustation, receptors are taste buds; people have different numbers
40
papillae
bumps on tongue that are lined by taste buds, each have about 20 neurons; they're replaced every week or so
41
papillae function
have chemical receptors that are activated by food, sent to brain and limbic system; enhanced by smell
42
Five tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami; receptors for all tastes found everywhere
43
food texture
sensed by the somatosensory cortex
44
receptors cells for smell
have cells at the top of the nasal canal and there are around 10 million; the cells are small hairs that collect molecules; over 1000 smells; replaced 5-8 weeks
45
somesthetic senses
skin, kinesthetics, vestibular sensing
46
skin sense
nerves are below the skin surface; nerves are connected to the hair follicles; senses pain
47
somatic pain
senses if somethings about to be damaged or if it has been damaged and needs to be protected
48
visceral pain
internal organ pain
49
theories of pain: gate-control theory
pain passes through the spinal cord and allows pain to pass or inhibit
50
spinal cord and pain
pain receptor cells release substance P and activates the neurons in the spinal cord to tell the brain
51
kinesthetic sense
receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints tell the body its position in space in relation to eachother; ex. raising your hand while closing your eyes
52
vestibular sense
sense located in inner ear; impacts balance and body position
53
otolith organs
sacs above the cochlea, filled with liquid and crystals; when we move, the crystals vibrate and sends info to the brain
54
semicircular canals
three canals in the ear that have all three dimensional planes, fluid rotates in the canals
55
perception
the method by which the brain takes all the sensation a person experiences
56
constancy
when stimuli stay the same
57
size constancy
same size object no matter the distance
58
shape constancy
interpret a shape the same way no matter the view angle
59
brightness constancy
perceiving brightness even when light conditions change
60
cocktail party effect
focusing on a single stimulus and blocking out background stimuli
61
figure-ground relationship
objects are always seen as being on a background
62
proximity constancy
objects close together are automatically grouped
63
similarity constancy
objects that appear similar are grouped (ie uniformed sports team)
64
closure constancy
tendency to complete incomplete figures
65
continuity constancy
easier to group things simpler than to see them separately completely
66
contiguity constancy
connecting two events close in time as related
67
common region constancy
when objects are in a common area they are grouped
68
depth perception
being able to see 3-D; two ways: monocular or binocular cues
69
monocular cue
clues from seeing with one eye; see pictorial depth cues; how paintings create depth in pictures
70
linear perspective: monocular
too parallel lines seemingly converge
71
relative size: monocular
smaller figures are farther away
72
overlap: : monocular
items blocked are perceived as farther away
73
aerial perspective: monocular
from above, the farther away the object the hazier it appears
74
texture gradient: monocular
closer textures are distinct; farther texture is smaller and finer
75
motion parallax: monocular
in a moving car, closer objects move faster than further objects
76
accomodation: monocular
when lens changes to focus on object and it's distance; brain interprets the distance
77
convergence: binocular
both eyes work together and put together the image; brain interprets the distance
78
binocular disparity: binocular
both eyes see different images; brain interprets the distance; the closer the object the more different the image
79
Psychophysics
study of stimuli and the resulting perceptions and sensations
80
Absolute threshold
lowest level of stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
81
Just Noticeable Difference threshold
the amount a stimuli must be changed in order to detect a difference 50% of the time
82
Signal detection theory
there are four categories of the types of reaction to stimuli: hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
83
Weber's Law
there is a constant applied to the just noticeable difference that says when a stimuli will be perceived as different
84
Fechner's Law
sensation is proportional to the log of the stimulus' intensity
85
Steven's Power Law
sensation is an exponential relationship with the stimulus' intensity
86
Transduction
transfer of the energy of the stimulus into the neuroreceptors and brain response
87
receptor cells in the eye
bipolar, to ganglion, to amacrine
88
sound localization
ability to detect where a sound is coming from
89
tympanic membrane
outer membrane connecting the parts of the ear drum
90
ossicles
the three bones within the ear drum
91
visual cliff
test of depth perception
