Psych Midterm Flashcards
(400 cards)
1
Q
parts of neurons
A
soma, dendrites, axon, axon buttons, synapse, nodes of ranvier, myelin sheath
2
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glial cells
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cells that are a structure for neurons to latch onto; regulate neuron nutrients, communication, death
3
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dendrites
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recieve messages and neurotransmitters
4
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soma
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main cell body with nucleus
5
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axon
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electrical impule akes message and sends next message, fibrous
6
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nodes of ranvier
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breaks in the myelin sheath of the axon so impulses move faster
7
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neuron firing
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all or nothing; starts charged, thriugh diffusion positive ions are absorbed into neuron and the charge is reversed (action potential); the ability to diffuse is regulated by voltage applied to the membrane; after firing positive Na ions are pumped out again
8
Q
neuron and neurotransmitter interaction
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axon buttons have synaptic besticles containing the transmitters; when fired, vesticles release transmitters and a process called “reuptake” lets them take back excess transmitter molecules; the neurotransmitter is then recepted by dendtrites
9
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agonist neurotransmitter
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mimics transmitter or enhances it to get more of a reaction
10
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antagonist neurotransmitter
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chemical that blocks receptors in the dendrites and prevents neurotransmitter reaction
11
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
12
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spinal cord
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connects brain to peripheral nervous system
13
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Peripheral nervous system
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autonomic system and somatic system
14
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Autonomic nervous system
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automatic regulation of body; parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
15
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Somatic nervous system
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carries senseoy info and controls skeletal system; sensory and motor systems
16
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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maintains body functions under normal conditions and works to conserve energy
17
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Sympathetic nervous system
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prepares body to react to stress, uses a lot of energy
18
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Sensory nervous system
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carries messages from senses to CNS
19
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Motor nervous system
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carries messages from CNS to skeletal system
20
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interneurons
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connect the motor system to the sensory; within the inner part of the spinal cord; responsible for reflexes
21
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pituitary gland
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master of the endocrine system; directs hormone production from hypothalamus instructions
22
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pineal gland
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responsible for biological rhythms and melatonin (sleep)
23
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thyroid gland
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regulates growth and metabolism
24
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pancreas
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controls blood sugar
25
adrenal glands
stress and sympathy
26
lesioning studies
study organisms with damage to the target area of the brain to gain understanding of the parts of the brain
27
Brain stimulation
uses electrical stimulation of the brain; invasively insert probe or use a magnet; neurons act as if they got a message
28
CT scan
x-rays of slices od the brain put together for a 2D image; good for blood flow (function) or damage to structures
29
EEG
records electrical pulses using electrodes on the scalp; functional only (no image); shows how long it takes to process stimuli
30
MRI/fMRI
uses magnetic field to measure alignment of H+; most thorough picture for structure or function
31
PET scan
radioactive glucose injected and scanned for absorption; shows blood flow and metabolic activity; detects problems in nervous system
32
Acetylcholine
action of muscles,earning, memory; high: muscles spasms, low: alzheimers
33
Dopamine
pleasure and reward; high: schizophrenia, low: parkinsons
34
Endorphins
euphoria and control of pain; low: addiction, high: natural opiate
35
Norepinephrine
released under stress; low: depression, high: anxiety
36
GABA
inhibits any neurons from firing so the right neuron is getting the right message; low: lethargic, high: bipolar
37
Glutamate
excititary, info processing an memory; high: brain damage after stroke
38
Serotonin
regulates sleep, mood, appetite, behavior; high: anxiety, low: depression
39
main depression neurotransmitter
low levels of serotonin
40
main alzheimers neurotransmitter
low levels of acetylcholine
41
main schizophrenia neurotransmitter
high dopamine
42
how drugs help neurotransmitter imbalances
agonists, antagonists, OR change the amount of time that neurotransmitters are left in the synapse
43
afferent neurons
sensory neurons
44
efferent neurons
motor neurons
45
wernicke's area
meaning behind words is lost
46
broca's area
words are not produced in a smooth or coherent fashion
47
right hemisphere
visual perception, music/art processing, emotions, pattern recognition
48
left hemisphere
language, math calculations, logical processes, analysis of detail
49
Phineas Gage
pole through his skull, damaged brain, could still function somehow
50
nervous system
network of cells carrying info in the body
51
Medulla oblangata
control involuntary movement of the heart and lungs
52
Brain Stem
connects hindbrain to spinal cord
53
Reticular formation
filter's your attention and alertness to environment
54
Cerebellum
coordinate voluntary muscle movements; "little brain"
55
Pons
facial expressions, breathing, sleep/wake cycle
56
Tectum
first vision processing; part of auditory processing
57
Tegmentum
motor control
58
Substantia nigra
regulates mood and dopamine (addiction)
59
Pineal gland
biological rhythm and melatonin (sleep)
60
Pituitary gland
master of the endocrine/hormone system
61
Hypothalamus
Hormones Homostasis Hunger
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Thalamus
post office for all senses but smell
63
Basal ganglia
voluntary movement with intent
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Limbic system
Memory Emotions Motivations Education
65
Septal area
dopamine to the brain, sweet and soothing
66
Amygdala
fear responses and memories of fear
67
Hippocampus
long term memory
68
Occipital lobes
interpret optic info
69
Parietal lobes
touch, taste, navigation
70
Somatosensory lobes
perceived senses; like there's a map on your body; hot and cold
71
Frontal lobes
emotions, consequences, goals
72
Motor cortex
voluntary muscles in face and limbs
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Temporal lobes
auditory info and language
74
Corpus Callosum
connects left and right brain and facilitates
75
Glial Cells
myelin sheath, protection, regulation, nutrients
76
Meninges
protection, tissue full of spinal fluid between skull and brain
77
Gyri
the bumps that help scrunch up neurons to fit more for higher level cognition
78
Sulci
the creases that help scrunch up neurons to fit more for higher level cognition
79
REM Sleep
rapid eye movement, deep sleep, dreams, sleep paralysis, starts at ten minutes and gets longer as cycle goes on
80
factors affecting REM sleep amounts
get less REM if high physical exhertion, but get more REM (REM recovery) the next day
81
N1
theta waves, light sleep, ten minutes long, light sleep
82
N2
theta waves with occasional sleep spindles, twenty minutes long, slightly deeper sleep
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N3
delta waves, deeper sleep, up to forty minutes, some dreaming, sleep walking (somnambulism), night terrors
84
Sleep paralysis
during REM, all muscles are paralyzed so that we don't act out our dreams; some sleep disorders allow people to act them out
85
Hypnogogic hallucinations
hallucinations when you start to fall asleep
86
Circadian rhythm
the sleep-wake cycle, controlled by hypothalamus and glandular system that releases melatonin
87
Theories of Dreaming: Freud
to fulfill wishes related to sex and aggression
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Theories of Dreaming: Memory Consolidation
dreams are when memories are consolidated, and when STM is gotten rid of
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Theories of Dreaming: Cognitive
creative thinking, and info processing/problem solving
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Theories of Dreaming: Activation Synthesis
dreams are entirely derived from pons firing off random electrical pulses that the brain tries to make sense of
91
Narcolepsy
randomly go straight to REM sleep, especially when emotionally excited
92
Sleep apnea
airway blocked during the night, can't breathe while sleeping
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Somnambulism
sleep walking during N3 usually and hard to wake up
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Night terrors
extreme feelings of panic during sleep, N3 usually, and hard to wake up
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Conscious State
higher-level consciousness is controlled processing (writing an essay),
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Preconscious state
lower-level consciousness is automatic processing (alphabet song, daydreaming)
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Altered state of consciousness
can be produced by hypnosis, drugs, fatigue, intoxication, meditation, sleeping, dreaming
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William James
stream of consciousness: mind is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings
99
Hypnosis
must be willing to be hypnotized, the person really hypnotizes themselves and someone else guides them to an altered state of consciousness
100
Stimulant Drugs
stimulate the nervous system
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Depressant Drugs
depress the nervous system
102
Hallucinogenic Drugs
alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations
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Barbiturates
major tranquilizers, depressants, sleep-inducing
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Benzodiazepines
minor tranquilizers, depressants, lower anxiety
105
opiates
stimulants, pain relieving
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cocaine
natural stimulant
107
marijuana
natural mild hallucinogen
108
alcohol
depressant
109
nicotine
mild stimulant
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amphetamines
synthetic stimulant
111
physical addiction vs psychological addiction
physical: body can't function without the drug, psychological: drug is needed to be emotionally "okay"
112
Sigmund Freud
latent and manifest content, introduced idea of subconsciousness
113
Ernest Hilgard
hypnosis theory of disassociation
114
NREM vs REM purpose
NREM is meant to restore from physical exhertion, REM is meant to restore from emotional exhertion
115
microsleeps
what the brain relies on when sleep deprived, sleep lasting seconds
116
adaptive theory of sleep
sleep at night to avoid being present during predator's hunting times, conserve energy to hunt during the day
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restorative theory of sleep
sleep is necessary to repair cells, release growth hormones
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NREM vs REM characteristics
no paralysis during NREM, blood pressure and heart rate increases REM while stable in NREM, eye movement
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wakefulness brain function
beta waves during alert times, alpha waves during drowsy times
120
Freud's latent content
meaning of the dream
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Freud's manifest content
plot of the dream
122
subconscious awareness
not in current awareness (dreaming), Freud theory
123
hypnosis as disassociation
hypnosis worked on conscious mind and another part of the mind is fully aware
124
hypnosis as social role-playing
people are fully conscious but do whatever is expected of themselves
125
brightness
amplitude of a light wave
126
color
wavelength of a light wave
127
saturation
perceived purity of color
128
pupil
dilates to allow different amounts of light in
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iris
muscles control pupil size
130
aqueous humor
clear liquid at front of eye, provides nourishment
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cornea
bends light to hit retina
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vitreous humor
jelly liquid in center of eye that provides shape
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lens
changes shape to focus on object
134
retina
photoreceptor cells for light processing
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optic nerve
sends info from photoreceptors
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visual accomodation
lens changes thickness to focus on objects; people lose ability for lens to accommodate, need glasses
137
rods
see black and white, have low sharpness, good at low light levels
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cones
fine detail in light, see color and movement
139
how the eye sees
separates into left and right visual fields, the cornea sees a flipped image, brain accommodates; each visual cortex gets half of the image
140
dark adaptation
when rods in the eye slowly takeover vision
141
trichromatic theory
three cones for red, blue, and green; brain computes color from amount of light the cone gets and how fast it fires (wavelength)
142
opponent-process theory
accounts for afterimages; red and green vs blue and yellow and are paired as opposites; when one is stimulated the other is inhibited
143
color blindness
occurs when cones are defective
144
humonculus
areas of the body with concentrated nerve endings where sensations are more sensetive
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what is sound
the vibrations of molecules
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pitch
wavelength of sound
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timbre
richness of sound
148
volume
amplitude of sound
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frequency of sound
determines the sounds you can hear
150
pinna
outer part of the ear that funnels sound
151
auditory canal
tunnel to the eardrum
152
eardrum parts
hammer, anvil, stirrup
153
eardrum
three bones in the ear vibrate from sound and amplify the vibrations, vibrates the oval window
154
oval window
makes fluid in the cochlea vibrate
155
cochlea
fluid sac with basilir membrane inside
156
basilir membrane
vibrates organ with hair cells that are sound receptors
157
pitch of sound and anatomy: place theory
place theory where hair cells are stimulated, the closer to the oval window, the higher the pitch
158
pitch of sound and anatomy: frequency theory
frequency theory where basilir membrane vibrates, the faster it vibrates the higher the pitch
159
pitch of sound and anatomy: volley principle
three groups of neurons fire in succession dividing the frequency so certain neurons create different sounds
160
pitch of sound and anatomy: correctness
place theory works for high pitch, frequency theory works for low pitch, volley theory accounts for ringing in the ears
161
conduction hearing impairment
vibrations don't transfer to the cochlea
162
nerve hearing impairment
permanent damage to ear neurons or the brain receptors after high volume
163
taste receptors
taste is called gustation, receptors are taste buds; people have different numbers
164
papillae
bumps on tongue that are lined by taste buds, each have about 20 neurons; they're replaced every week or so
165
papillae function
have chemical receptors that are activated by food, sent to brain and limbic system; enhanced by smell
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Five tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami; receptors for all tastes found everywhere
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food texture
sensed by the somatosensory cortex
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receptors cells for smell
have cells at the top of the nasal canal and there are around 10 million; the cells are small hairs that collect molecules; over 1000 smells; replaced 5-8 weeks
169
somesthetic senses
skin, kinesthetics, vestibular sensing
170
skin sense
nerves are below the skin surface; nerves are connected to the hair follicles; senses pain
171
somatic pain
senses if somethings about to be damaged or if it has been damaged and needs to be protected
172
visceral pain
internal organ pain
173
theories of pain: gate-control theory
pain passes through the spinal cord and allows pain to pass or inhibit
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spinal cord and pain
pain receptor cells release substance P and activates the neurons in the spinal cord to tell the brain
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kinesthetic sense
receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints tell the body its position in space in relation to eachother; ex. raising your hand while closing your eyes
176
vestibular sense
sense located in inner ear; impacts balance and body position
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otolith organs
sacs above the cochlea, filled with liquid and crystals; when we move, the crystals vibrate and sends info to the brain
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semicircular canals
three canals in the ear that have all three dimensional planes, fluid rotates in the canals
179
perception
the method by which the brain takes all the sensation a person experiences
180
constancy
when stimuli stay the same
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size constancy
same size object no matter the distance
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shape constancy
interpret a shape the same way no matter the view angle
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brightness constancy
perceiving brightness even when light conditions change
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cocktail party effect
focusing on a single stimulus and blocking out background stimuli
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figure-ground relationship
objects are always seen as being on a background
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proximity constancy
objects close together are automatically grouped
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similarity constancy
objects that appear similar are grouped (ie uniformed sports team)
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closure constancy
tendency to complete incomplete figures
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continuity constancy
easier to group things simpler than to see them separately completely
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contiguity constancy
connecting two events close in time as related
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common region constancy
when objects are in a common area they are grouped
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depth perception
being able to see 3-D; two ways: monocular or binocular cues
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monocular cue
clues from seeing with one eye; see pictorial depth cues; how paintings create depth in pictures
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linear perspective: monocular
too parallel lines seemingly converge
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relative size: monocular
smaller figures are farther away
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overlap: : monocular
items blocked are perceived as farther away
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aerial perspective: monocular
from above, the farther away the object the hazier it appears
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texture gradient: monocular
closer textures are distinct; farther texture is smaller and finer
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motion parallax: monocular
in a moving car, closer objects move faster than further objects
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accomodation: monocular
when lens changes to focus on object and it's distance; brain interprets the distance
201
convergence: binocular
both eyes work together and put together the image; brain interprets the distance
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binocular disparity: binocular
both eyes see different images; brain interprets the distance; the closer the object the more different the image
203
Absolute threshold
lowest level of stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
204
Just Noticeable Difference threshold
the amount a stimuli must be changed in order to detect a difference 50% of the time
205
Signal detection theory
there are four categories of the types of reaction to stimuli: hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
206
Weber's Law
there is a constant applied to the just noticeable difference that says when a stimuli will be perceived as different
207
Fechner's Law
sensation is proportional to the log of the stimulus' intensity
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Steven's Power Law
sensation is an exponential relationship with the stimulus' intensity
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Transduction
transfer of the energy of the stimulus into the neuroreceptors and brain response
210
receptor cells in the eye
bipolar, to ganglion, to amacrine
211
sound localization
ability to detect where a sound is coming from
212
tympanic membrane
outer membrane connecting the parts of the ear drum
213
ossicles
the three bones within the ear drum
214
visual cliff
test of depth perception
215
Wilhelm Wundt
"father of psychology"; introspection on own minds/feelings/thoughts/experiences
216
Tichner
from Wundt's introspection theory, Tichner began structuralism: the breaking down of the mind into individual emotions and sensations
217
Hippocrates
four humors developed; each person has a mix of the four humors that determine behavior
218
Charles Darwin
influenced functionalism with theory of natural selection
219
John Watson
started behaviorism: observed behavior and used conditioning to study behavior; "Little Albert" experiment trained a kid to be afraid of a rat; proved learned phobias
220
Mary Cover Jones
first known woman psychologist; took Watson's conditioning ideas and wanted to see if she could reverse learned phobias; trained "Little Peter" with behavior therapy
221
John Locke
tabula rasa idea that all learning comes from experience or perception
222
Stanley Hall
first president of the American Psych Association
223
Sigmund Freud
Freudian psych: the unconscious mind is motivated by sex and aggression; through psychoanalysis, can use childhood, repression, unconscious motivations to help patients
224
B.F. Skinner
developed the theory operant conditioning in the behavioral perspective
225
Abraham Maslow
pioneer of humanistic perspective with psychotherapy that focuses on self improvement
226
Sociocultural Perspective
behavior is based on group expectations and social norms; one's environment; nurture part of nature vs nurture
227
Biological Perspective
behavior is based on biological events in the body
228
Behavioral Perspective
behavior is based on learning from punishment or reinforcement
229
Humanist Perspective
behavior is based on the idea that humans all need certain parts of the hierarchy and to feel like they have fulfilled their destiny
230
Cognitive Perspective
behavior based on storage and interpretation of information
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Psychodynamic Perspective
behavior is based on the unconscious mind; therapy focuses on relationships as motivations; Freud: sex and aggression
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Trait Perspective
behavior is based on one's personality determined by genetics; nature part of nature vs nurture
233
Developmental Perspective
behavior is based on one's stage of growth; combines nature and nurture factors
234
Evolutionary Perspective
behavior is based on human instinct developed by natural selection
235
Psychiatrist vs Psychologist
a psychologist is not medically trained, they have a PhD and have specific training; a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who diagnosis and treats disorders
236
Structuralism
using introspection and breaking down parts of the mind and isolating specific emotions, thoughts, and feelings.
237
Functionalism
how the mind allows everyday function focusing on genetics
238
Gestalt Psych
the original cognitive psychology; focused on sensation and perception before really understanding the brain
239
Introspection
technique where patients verbalize internal thoughts and feelings; broken down into individual sensations
240
Psychoanalysis
therapy designed around the psychodynamic/unconscious motives perspective
241
Schema
a mental frameworkEx. if a child only sees a four legged animal as a dog, it will call a cat a dog
242
objective introspection
Wundt had his students analyze and verbalize their own thoughts and mental activities, called objective introspection
243
definitions of phobias
Freud: symptom or repression; Watson: learned
244
six main perspectives
sociocultural; biological; behavioral; humanistic; cognitive; psychodynamic
245
cognitive neuroscience
brain imaging on physical brain processes
246
operant behavior
behavior trained by positive reinforcement
247
Pavlov
reflexes occur based on formerly unrelated stimulus; first to use conditioning
248
learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
249
why is learning "relatively permanent"
when you learn, your brain physically changes; it can always deteriorate later
250
learning by maturation
natural steps in growing up, like learning to walk
251
Pavlov's experiment
dogs salivating after just seeing a food bowl, stimulated by a bell
252
classical conditioning
learning to elicit a non-voluntary reflex response to original stimulus
253
unconditioned stimulus
original stimulus that leads to the involuntary response
254
unconditional response
automatic/involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus
255
conditioned stimulus
same as neutral stimulus, the new stimulus that creates the same response as the unconditioned response
256
conditioned response
always same as unconditioned response, now prompted by conditioned stimulus
257
acquisition
repeated paring of a neutral stimulus and the unconditional stimulus
258
requirements for classical conditioning
conditioned and unconditioned stimulus must occur close in time; must be paired several times (usually); conditioned stimulus must be distinctive
259
stimulus generalization
tendency to respond to a similar stimulus
260
stimulus discrimination
when they learn to tell the difference between the different stimuli
261
vicarious conditioning
conditioning after watching someone else respond to a stimulus
262
fear-inducing stimuli
provoke instinct because they are closely tied to survival
263
conditioning fear issues
its really hard to condition fear for objects that aren't dangerous
264
Rescorla's input to conditioning
the conditioned stimulus had to provide some indication about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
265
operant conditioning
conditioning of voluntary behavior using reinforcement or punishment
266
positive punishment
adding something undesirable
267
negative punishment
taking away something good
268
positive reinforcement
adding something desirable
269
negative reinforcement
taking away something undesirable
270
Thorndike's experiment
hungry cat in a trap box, motivated to solve puzzle by food outside of the box
271
law of effect
if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action tends to be repeated
272
Skinner's contribution
all behavior is a product of learning, what happens after behavior reinforces the behavior
273
Reinforcement
anything after the response that makes it more likely
274
Punishment
anything after the response the makes it unlikely
275
Primary Reinforcer
fulfills basic human needs (hunger, thirst, pleasure)
276
Secondary Reinforcer
associated with primary reinforcers (money), these reinforcers have power because they are classically conditioned
277
Superstitious Reinforcers
when superstition about something is connected to a good/bad event
278
partial reinforcement effective
giving a reinforcer every five times a behavior happens rather than every time is better to prevent extinction
279
interval schedule
every specific amount of time
280
ratio schedule
every specific number of times the behavior occurs
281
fixed interval schedule
every x days there's a reward
282
fixed ratio schedule
every x behavioral responses there's a reward
283
variable interval schedule
random x amount of time there's a reward
284
variable ratio schedule
random x number of behavioral responses there's a reward
285
discriminative stimulus
only stimulus cueing a response to obtain reinforcement; always stop at a red light
286
shaping
conditioning in small steps; training a cat to use the toilet
287
extinction of operant conditioning occurs when
the reinforcement/punishment is removed
288
biological constraints to operant conditioning
when instinctual behavior trumps trained behavior
289
latent learning
when learning patterns, we make a mental cognitive map; but unless prompted with a reinforcer, what we learned may not be demonstrated
290
Tolman's rats
demonstrated latent learning because they went through a maze without reward, but when given a reward they computed the fastest path; they had learned it but didn't have the motivation to be the fastest until the food was present
291
Kohler's chimp
demonstrated insight learning by setting bananas out of reach of a chimp, but gave him two sticks to put together to get the banana
292
insight learning
when given a problem with no model, a sudden flash of inspiration and a consummation of learning helps the chimp solve the problem; NOT from trial and error
293
learned helplessness
tendency to fail to act to escape when it is known that it is inevitable; actually changes brain chemistry by releasing serotonin to suppress fear of the danger; common in depression and PTSD patients
294
Seligman's depressed dogs
dogs learned that couldn't escape a shock, so when given the option to escape, they didn't
295
observational learning
new behavior through watching the actions of a model
296
elements of observational learning
must pay attention to the model (helps if similar or attractive); learner must be capable of repeating behavior; learner must be able to retain the memory; must have motivation to perform act (model a reward helps)
297
Bandura and the Bobo Doll
demonstrated observational learning; when adults modeled aggression vs being nice to the doll, the children modeled what they witnessed; when rewarded for aggression, children were even more likely to be aggressive
298
contingency learning
the expectation of a stimulus from an indicator (bell); has a cognitive aspect as one is predicting a stimulus
299
watson's contribution
classically conditioning baby albert
300
garcia's contribution
taste aversion
301
rescorla and wagner's contribution
contingency learning
302
overjustification
when extrinsic motivation decreases intrinsic motivation (love singing, get paid, don't like singing anymore)
303
premack principle
when you reinforce a non-preferred activity with a preferred activity (getting starbucks after going to the gym)
304
memory
active system receiving info from senses, puts info into usable form, organizes it, stores it away
305
basic memory process breakdown
encoding of neural info from sensory info; storage; retrieval
306
information-processing model
most comprehensive model; details encoding, storage, and retrieval as memory sequence
307
parallel distributed processing model
encoding, storage, and retrieval are simultaneous; related to artificial intelligence and connectionism
308
levels-of-processing model
we remember what we've thought about deeply, thought about meaning
309
iconic sensory memory
visual memory; can hold everything you can see at one time; memory doesn't last long (1 sec); helps see surroundings as continuous
310
eidetic memory
can see something they just saw, again
311
photographic memory
not really, eidetic memory is rare; just means they have a good memory
312
echoic sensory memory
hearing memory; smaller capacity than visual; only hears what can be heard at one time; memory lasts longer than visual (4 secs)
313
Short-Term memory
if sensory information is deemed important to hold onto, it goes to STM; held 12-30 secs;
314
STM and selective attention
STM determines what is most important stimuli to store in the STM
315
Encoding of STM
is literally a talking or sound within your head
316
Capacity of STM
about 7 pieces of information, so if you chunk info, you can hold more STM
317
maintenance rehearsal
repeating something to remember it, info stays in STM until rehearsal stops
318
memory interference
when rehearsal is interrupted, or capacity is exceeded, can't encode
319
Long-Term memory
when information is intended to be kept permanently; theoretically we have unlimited storage, so everything is stored but not always free to be retrieved
320
Encoding of LTM
as images, sounds, smells, tastes; BUT mostly stored as meaningful concepts; can be through maintenance rehearsal, but usually elaborative
321
elaborative rehearsal
transfer STM to LTM by connecting new info to existing and known info
322
Nondeclerative/Implicit LTM
skills and habits; procedural and gained through practice and experience; hard to consciously explain
323
Declerative/Explicit LTM
information that makes up knowledge; easily made conscious
324
Semantic Declerative LTM
anyone can know, knowledge of concepts, learned
325
Episodic Declerative LTM
personal history, autobiographical memory; updated and revised constantly so that unimportant things disappear (can't remember everything that has happened to you)
326
Semantic network model
when learning something, info is stored near closely related things; we can access things simultaneously because of the parallel distributed processing model
327
prospective memory
remembering that we need to perform a task later
328
retrieval cues
stimuli to remember, the more cues associated to something, the easier to remember it; anything can be a cue
329
encoding specificity
association between surroundings and remembered info
330
context of encoding specificity
remember something better when you're in a similar environment that the memory was formed in
331
state-dependence of encoding specificity
memories formed during a similar physiological/psychological state are easier to remember in that state; when you're fighting a friend, you remember bad things about them
332
recall
memories prompted with no external cues (fill in the blank question)
333
recall failure
when you struggle to recall, but it feels like "its on the tip of your tongue"; can't be pulled into the auditory STM to recall it
334
serial position effect
info at the beginning and end of a list/word is remembered better
335
primary effect
first things are remembered because there's nothing in the STM already
336
recency effect
allows you to remember end because of what was just heard/seen is still in the STM
337
recognition
memories prompted with cues and matching the cues to what's known in memory; easier than recall
338
visual recognition
is VERY accurate
339
false positive recognition
when you think you recognize something because of a similar stimulus
340
Automatic Encoding
some memories require no effort to be encoded; but the more time passes, the more the LTM has been modified, the more inaccuracies
341
constructive processing
each time something is recalled, a memory is rebuilt from encoder info and sometimes things are added or excluded
342
hindsight bias
people falsely believe that they would've predicted something before being told about it
343
misinformation bias
a retrieval issue, if given new information it will change the memory (eyewitness accounts)
344
false-memory syndrome
creation of false memories through suggestion by others (hypnosis); memories must be plausible...BUT through false positive feedback implausible things can be made plausible
345
forgetting
the ability to forget is necessary for sanity
346
Ebbingaus and Forgetting
made a curve of how long it takes to forget random nonsense syllables in a list
347
distributed practice
a better way to form memories, learning over time is better
348
Memory trace
physical change in brain when memory was formed
349
memory trace decay theory
if traces go unused, they decay; "use it or lose it" memory
350
interference theory
there's too much information in the way of the memory so you can't retrieve it
351
proactive interference
previously learned material interferes with new learning
352
retroactive interference
new material interferes with old learning material
353
memory and the brain changes
memory is a change in receptor sites, sensitivity of the synapse, and proteins in neurons
354
consolidation
brain changes over time to form a memory
355
hippocampus and memory
forms declerative LTMs only
356
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from injury backwards; consolidation is interrupted; unfinished consolidation is lost
357
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory from the injury forwards; in dementia and concussions; symptoms include repetitiveness
358
Alzheimers and memory
type of dementia; anterograde amnesia at first and then retrograde; acetylcholine neurotransmitter
359
Infantile amnesia
early memories are implicit and nondeclerative only; not brought to consciousness easily; explicit memory doesn't form until 2 yo
360
consolidation time period
can take seconds, minutes, days, months or years; that's why amnesia of memories occurs for many time lengths
361
hyperthymesia
when someone remembers everything
362
tip of tongue phenomena
recall failure
363
Elizabeth Loftus
proved that eyewitness counts are wildly unreliable because of constructive processing
364
mood congruent memories
memories that are best remembered with context in similar mood states
365
transience
natural decay of memories over time
366
absent-mindedness
lapse of attention leads to bad encoding or forgetting
367
blocking
some sort of interference causes temporary forgetting
368
misattribution
attribution of memories to incorrect sources, believing a memory
369
suggestibility
incorporation of incorrect information into memory due to leading questions and deception
370
persistence
memories that can't be forgotten, drives you crazy
371
misinformation effect
incorporation of incorrect information into memory due to leading questions and deception
372
framing
how a question is worded to influence problem-solving
373
LAD
schema for human language; language acquisition device
374
grammar
rules of language
375
morphemes
units of meaning: count each unit of meaning plus one for the whole word
376
phonemes
units of sound
377
overregularization
over simplification of grammar rules
378
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language influences thought, Whorf's hypothesis
379
superordinate thinking
abstract concept
380
basic thinking
more specific example
381
subordinate thinking
most specific level of a concept
382
script thinking
a schema but for a familiar sequence
383
convergent thinking
one answer, all lines point to it
384
divergent thinking
starts at one point, comes up with many solutions
385
Chomsky
language acquisition device, all people have ability to communicate using syntax
386
Whorf
language influences thought, linguistic determinism
387
mental set
tendency to solve a problem the way that has been successful
388
functional fixedness
fail to see an object for use in a different way than normal
389
representative heuristics
stereotyping mental shortcut
390
availability heuristics
estimating the probability of certain events
391
prototype
concept that embodies the definition of a concept (apple is a fruit)
392
belief bias
preconceived beliefs lead to illogical reasoning
393
priming
activation of info by first anticipating learning and then relearning it
394
metacognition
process of thinking about how you think
395
semantics
homophones, rules to determine meaning of sentence
396
overextension
apply the same word to everything
397
Experimenter bias
when the experimenters introduce bias based on personal expectations
398
Observer bias
when the experimenters introduce bias based on personal expectations
399
Observer effect/Hawthorne effect
the known presence of an observer affects the participants behavior
400
confirmation bias
when the participant tailors their answer to make the observer happy
