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mcat chem textbook > ch. 4 > Flashcards

ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

an atom is made up of what? define with charges

A

nucleus that hold neutrons (0) and protons (+) and electrons (-) float around the nucleus

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2
Q

each atom has equal number of

A

protons and electron

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3
Q

number of protons is determined by? number of protons AND neutrons are determined by?

A

number of protons (and electrons); atomic number or z
the number of protons AND neutrons: atomic mass A

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4
Q

what formula can be used to find atomic mass? where is atomic # and mass found on p table?

A

A= z(p)+n . the top number on element is atomic number and bottom number is mass number

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5
Q

what is an isotope? what is an atom with 7 neutrons with a mass of 12

A

an isotope is 2 atoms of same element differing in number of neutrons. THEY HAVE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER. ANSWER is Boron because it has 5 protons

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6
Q

what is the atomic weight of an element? what is an ion?

A

atomic weight: weighted avg of the masses of its occurring isotopes
ion: when a neutral atom losses of gains electron (cation=(+) and anion=(-)

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7
Q

protons and neutrons are held by? unstable nuclei are called?

A

P and N’s are held by strong nuclear force and the unstable nuclei are radioactive

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8
Q

what is radioactive decay? what are the three main types of decay?

A

radioactive decay is the changes an atom goes through to lower its energy. the three kinds of decay are alpha, beta, and gamma

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9
Q

what is the parent and daughter in radioactive decay

A

parent is radioactive unstable nuclei while the daughter is more stable nuclei

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10
Q

what is alpha decay?

A

large nucleus becomes more stable by emitting an alpha particle which is 2 protons and 2 neutrons. A-4 and Z-2

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11
Q

what are the three types of beta decay?

A

beta - decay, beta + decay (positron emission) and electron capture

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12
Q

what is beta - decay

A

converts a neutron into a photon and electron called a beta - particle. ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASES BY ONE AND MASS NUMBER STAYS THE SAME

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13
Q

what is beta + decay

A

converts protons into a neutron and a positron (and electron antiparticle) ATOMIC NUMBER IS ONE LESS AND MASS NUMBER STAYS THE SAME

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14
Q

what is electron capture

A

increases the number of neutron to capture an electron. causes ATOMIC NUMBER TO BE REDUCED BY 1 AND MASS NUMBER STAYS THE SAME (nothing is ejected rather something is added)

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15
Q

what is gamma decay

A

a nucleus after going through alpha or beta emits a photon (gamma photon) VERY RADIOACTIVE BUT DOESNT CHANGE ATOMIC OR MASS NUMBER THEREFORE NO IDENTITY CHANGE

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16
Q

what is half life, what are the percent after each hour from 1 hour to 4

A

time it takes for 1/2 decay. 1 hour: 50% (1/2), 2 hour: 25% (1/4) 3 hour: 12.5% (1/8) 4 hour: 6.25% (1/16)

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17
Q

cesium has half life of 30. how long does it take for 0.3g to remain from 2.4g

A

0.3/2.4= 1/8 meaning three half lives 3(30)=90

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18
Q

what is emission spectrum

A

gas that when light shines through, itll separates the light into its component wave length.

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19
Q

bohr models show what about jumping electrons?

A

absorbed: electron jumping to higher level is (+) energy as photon absorbed
emission: electron jumping to lower level is (-) with photon emission

20
Q

what is the quantum model state

A

orbitals is where electrons are found in subshells s, p, d, and f

21
Q

what are the 3 rules for filling orbitals? define each one with its principle

A
  1. aufbau principle: electron occupy lowest energy orbital first and it fills in order of increasing order
  2. hunds rule: electron in same subshell occupy available orbitals by themselves before pairing up
  3. pauli exclusion principle: there can be no more than 2 electrons in any given orbital
22
Q

how many electrons can each S, P, D, F? what is electron configuration of Neon

A

S=2
P= 6
D=10
F= 14
Neon= 10 electrons 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6

23
Q

what is diamagnetic? paramagnetic?

A

diamagnetic: atoms with all electrons paried up and repels magnetic field
paramagnetic: atoms that dont have electrons paired up and attracted to magnetic field

24
Q

where can you find the s block, p block, d block, and f block

A

s block: first two columns d block: middle horizontal lines p block: last 6 columns f block: bottom two rules

25
Q

the horizontal row is called a ? the vertical column?

A

row is a period and column is a group

26
Q

what is an element in an excited state is ? what does it mean for electron configuration

A

excited state means that the last electron is jumping to next orbital so instead of 1s^2 2s^2 it would be 1s^2 2s^1 3s^1

27
Q

how can you find VE of each element

A

the numbers on top of the groups (column)

28
Q

valence electrons tell you the what about an atom? what are closed shells?

A

the chemical reactivity of each group. closed shells are where all orbitals are paired or singlely occupied

29
Q

atoms with closed shells or octet rule are

A

inert non reactive

30
Q

ElectroNeg mneumonic

A

FONClBRISCH

31
Q

what is acidity

A

a measure of how well a compound donated protons, accepts electrons, or lowers ph

32
Q

what is p trend for atomic radius

A

starting at top right corner to left bottom corner, it increases

33
Q

what is p trend for ionization energy

A

starting at bottom left corner to right top corner, it increases

34
Q

what is ionization energy? what is EN?

A

the amount of energy necessary to remove the least tightly bound electron from an atom. EN is a measure of an atoms ability to pull e’s to itself

35
Q

what is p trend for electron affinity

A

starting at bottom left corner to right top corner, it gets more (-)

36
Q

what is p trend for EN

A

starting at bottom left corner to right top corner, it increases

37
Q

what is p trend for acidity

A

starting at top left corner to bottom right corner, it gets more acidic

38
Q

what is a bohr atom

A

an atom with only one electron

39
Q

how many orbital does each electron configuration have?

A

s= 1 p=3 d=5 f=7

40
Q

what is shielding

A

each filled shell between the nucleus and valence electrons shields the ve from the full effect of the protons in the nucleus

41
Q

what is group 1 of p table?

A

alkali metals

42
Q

what is group 2 of p table?

A

akaline earth metals

43
Q

what is group 7 of p table?

A

halogens

44
Q

what is group 8 of p table?

A

noble gases

45
Q

what is a metalloid? where are they on p table?

A

metalloid is a substance that has both nonmetal and metal properties. they are found in the diagonal cover of the p table dividing the metals from nonmetals.

46
Q

when it comes to atomic radius, what would make an element smaller than other elements with the same amount of electrons?

A

having more protons means more positive force pulling on these electrons making it smaller

mcat chem textbook (10 decks)

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