CH 4 Summary Flashcards
3 pregnancy periods and their time periods
period of the zygote: wks 1-2
period of the embryo: wks 3-8
period of the fetus: wks 9-38
when does the period of the zygote begin and end
when the sperm fertilizes the egg in the fallopian tube; when the egg has implanted in the wall of the uterus
when have cells started to differentiate in pregnancy
the end of the period of the zygote
key point of period of the embryo
period of rapid growth when most major body structures are formed
key point of period of the fetus
fetus increases in size and undergoes changes in the body necessary for life
3 key general risk factors for pregnant people
-maternal stress or inadequate nutrition can negatively affect prenatal development
-pregnant teens often have problems during pregnancy because they usually receive inadequate prenatal care
-women in their thirties are likely to have problem free pregnancies so long as they are in good health before becoming pregnant
teratogens
agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development
why are environmental teratogens particularly dangerous
a pregnant woman might not know when these substances are present
effect of teratogens depends on (3)
-genotype of the fetus
-what time during prenatal development the exposure occurs at
-amount of exposure
techniques used to track prenatal development
ultrasounds
amniocentesis
chorionic villus sampling
3 stages of labour
enlargement of the cervix
movement of baby through birth canal
expulsion of the placenta
prepared childbirth assumes:
parents should understand what takes place during pregnancy and birth
why are pain-relieving meds avoided during natural childbirth
they prevent women from pushing during labour and bc they affect the fetus
how do women learn to cope with pain in natural childbirth
relaxation
visual imagery
a supportive coach
when is home-birth safe
-mother is healthy
-labour and birth are expected to be trouble free
-health care professional is present
how can blood flow to the fetus be disrupted during labour
-umbilical cord is squeezed shut
-or the placenta detaches from the uterus wall
anoxia
lack of oxygen to the fetus
when do preemies start to catch up in terms of size
2-3yrs old
one of the greatest risks for preemies
damaged/underdeveloped cerebellum
when do small-for-date babies often not fare well
weighing less than 1500grams and if their environment is stressful
infant mortality is on a(n) _________ in Canada
decline
why is infant mortality high in the US
inadequate prenatal care and low birth weight
Apgar score
measures 5 vital signs to determine a newborn’s wellbeing
NBAS
neonatal behavioral assessment scale; evaluation of a baby’s behavioral and physical status
