CH 9 Summary Flashcards
preoperational stage age
2-7yrs
limits of preoperational stage
egocentrism
centration
appearance with reality
when do children start to be able to distinguish reality from fantasy
pretend play
why are preschool children less able to pay attention compared to older kids
they lack good strategies for paying attention
when and why does autobiographical memory emerge
preschool yrs; bc parents ask their kids about past events
why is young kids memory of the past inaccurate
they can’t distinguish b/w what actually happened from what adults suggest might have happened
when do kids begin to count
2yrs
what did Vygotsky say about when child cognition first develops
it first develops in a social setting and only gradually comes under the child’s independent control
zone of proximal development
difference b/w what kids can do on their own vs what they can do w/ assistance
scaffolding
teaching style that allows kids to take on more of a task as they try to master it
how is control of cognitive skills most readily transferred from others to the child
scaffolding
when do children use private speech
when performing a hard task or after making a mistake
what 2 things foster word learning
being read to and watching TV
when do kids start producing 2 word sentences
just after 1yr
what comes after mastering 2 word sentences
grammatical morphemes
what findings support that the brain is prewired to learn grammar
-specialized regions of the brain for processing language
-inability of chimpanzees to master grammar
-critical periods in language acquisition
2 theories about children acquiring grammar
-the brain is prewired to acquire grammar
-children use cognition to infer grammar rules from speech that they hear
when do children start taking turns speaking and prompting each other to speak
3yrs
what do infants use to communicate before they can speak
noises and gestures
how do children become better at constructing clear messages
in the preschool yrs they adjust their speech to fit the listener’s needs
why are toddlers not good conversationalists
their comments often don’t relate to the topic
can preschoolers identify ambiguity in speech
usually not
according to Piaget, ECE is most effective when (3)
-provides experiences just ahead of the kid’s current skills
-emphasizes children’s discoveries
-allows kids to discover inconsistencies in their thinking
children in Head Start saw improvements in what?
their health and academic achievement
