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Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement > CH 5: Population Genetics > Flashcards

CH 5: Population Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and the changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection.

A

Population genetics

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2
Q

the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.

A

POPULATION GENETICS

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3
Q

It involves the concepts of migration and isolation

A

Population Genetics

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4
Q

the percentage of alleles of a given type in a population

A

Allele/Gene Frequency

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5
Q

used in characterizing the genetic diversity of a species population, or equivalently the richness of its gene pool.

A

ALLELE/GENE FREQUENCY

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6
Q

It merges the idea of Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin

A

POPULATION GENETICS

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7
Q

Father of Evolution

A

Charles Darwin

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8
Q

Levels of Biodiversity:

A

Genes, Species, Ecosystem

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9
Q

it represents the raw material for evolution and adaptation.

A

genes

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10
Q

the study of evolution from a genetic point of view.

A

POPULATION GENETICS

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11
Q

a change of the genetic structure of a population, and are brought about by evolutionary factors.

A

Evolution

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12
Q

changes in allele frequencies of a population over time

A

Microevolution

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13
Q

Microevolution results to ___________________

A

Genetic diversity

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14
Q

large scale evolution of groups of species

A

Macroevolution

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15
Q

Macroevolution results to _______________.

A

speciation

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16
Q

4 Evolutionary factors:

A

Natural Selection
Mutation
Genetic drift
Gene flow

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17
Q
  • a mechanism of evolution or the core principle of evolution
  • survival of the fittest concept
A

Natural selection

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18
Q
  • random changes of genetic information
  • errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection
A

Mutation

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19
Q
  • it is the ultimate source of variation
  • often lethal/detrimental
A

MUTATION

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20
Q

Types of Chromosomal Mutation:

A
  1. Euploidy
  2. Aneuploidy
  3. Chromosomal abberation
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21
Q

changes in structure as well as in number of chromosomes. These may exist in three types.

A

Chromosomal mutation

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22
Q
  • variation in complete sets of chromosomes
  • refers to the changes involving the whole genome or entire set of chromosomes
A

Euploidy

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23
Q

Types of Euploidy

A
  1. Monoploidy (n)
  2. Diploidy (2n)
  3. Polyploidy (>2n)
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24
Q

contains one half the normal number of the chromosomes and is exhibited by monoploids

A

Monoploidy (n)

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25
individuals having one set of chromosomes
Monoploids
26
have two sets of chromosomes
Diploidy (2n)
27
have three or more sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy
28
the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism
Ploidy
29
These bees are example of monoploidy.
drone bees
30
These bees are example of diploidy.
queen and worker bees
31
the concept of polyploidy is the same with the concept of the _________________________.
Law of Segregation
32
organisms with more than two genomes
Polyploidy
33
example of this are banana, apple, ginger, watermelon, citrus
Triploidy
34
example of this are maize, cotton, potato, cabbage, tobacco, peanut
Tetraploidy
35
example of this are wheat, kiwifruit, chrysanthemum
Hexaploidy
36
- variation in parts of chromosome sets
Aneuploidy
37
- occurs when one or more chromosomes of a normal set are lacking (hypoploidy or present in excess (hyperploidy). - this mostly causes abnormalities to humans.
Aneuploidy
38
it has only one chromosome instead of the normal two sets.
Monosomy
39
It has one chromosome more than the normal two sets.
Trisomy
40
it has one chromosome represented four times.
Tetrasomy
41
also called as Edward's syndrome where chromosomal condition associated with abnormalities in many parts of the body.
Trisomy 18
42
a condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome. Typically present with mild to moderate intellectual disability, growth retardation, and characteristics facial features.
Trisomy 21
43
- extra X chromosomes - 48, XXXX
Tetrasomy X
44
________ is the presence of more than two homologous chromosome sets. It's rare in humans.
Polyploidy
45
__________ is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosome. It's more common in humans.
Aneuploidy
46
changes in chromosomes structure or structural changes involving parts of one or more chromosomes.
Chromosomal abberation
47
Most of the structural abberation are caused by breaks in the ________________________.
chromosomes or chromatids
48
Kinds of Chromosomal Abberation:
1. Deletion or deficiencies 2. Duplication of repeats 3. Inversion 4. Translocation or Interchange
49
- represent a loss of segment or part of a chromosome. This may result to lethality or production of unique phenotypic effects on organisms. - example are Philadelphia 22 and cri-du-chat syndrome
Deletion or deficiencies
50
occur when a section of chromosome is in excess of normal amount or there are extra copies of a part of a chromosome. This may result in the production of a wild type of phenotypes
Duplication or repeats
51
- the rotation of a chromosome segmented to a full 180 degrees and it may result to a partial or complete sterelity of the organism. - reverse the direction of a part of a chromosome
Inversion
52
occurs when the centromere is not included in the inverted segment
Paracentric inversion
53
occurs when the inverted segment includes the centromere.
Pericentric inversion
54
occurs when single breaks in two non-homologous chromosomes produce an exchange of chromosomes sections between them.
Translocation or interchange
55
- occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. - this may result to partial sterelity or lethality of an organism.
Translocation or interchange
56
results from changes in an organism's genotype or a change in the stored chemical information in DNA
Gene mutation
57
changes to your DNA sequence that happen during cell division when your cells make copies of themselves
Gene mutation
58
Types of Gene mutation:
1. Point mutation 2. Frameshift mutation
59
a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
Point mutation
60
an insertion or deletion of a single base that change the reading frame of the entire subsequent sequence.
Frameshift mutation
61
no effect on the organisms/individuals. it occurs usually in somatic cells and not passed in the next generation.
Neutral mutation
62
random fluctuations in the number of gene variants in the population.
Genetic drift
63
A change in the gene pool of a small population that takes place strictly by chance.
Genetic drift
64
the transfer of alleles from the gene pool of one population to the gene pool of another population.
Gene flow/Migration
65
Main factors affecting the gene flow/migration in crop species:
1. Pollinators 2. Seed dispersal 3. Breeding system
66
water pollination
Hydrophily
67
Wind pollination
Anemophily
68
ant pollination
Myrmecophily
69
bird pollination
Ornithophily
70
Snail pollination
Malacophily
71
bat pollination
Chiropterophily
72
animal pollination
Zoophily

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