Tree Improvement

Question 1

The application of genetic principles to the improvement of forest trees:
a. tree improvement
b. tree breeding
c. silviculture
d. forest genetics

Answer 1

b. tree breeding

Question 2

Application of Forest Genetics

Answer 2

FOREST TREE BREEDING

Question 3

Trees or species of trees are genetically manipulated to produce types suitable to man’s needs

Answer 3

FOREST TREE BREEDING

Question 4

The activities are geared to solve some specific problems or to produce a specially desired product

Answer 4

FOREST TREE BREEDING

Question 5

Tree breeding coupled with silvicultural practices is generally referred to as:
a. tree improvement
b. tree breeding
c. silviculture
d. forest genetics

Answer 5

a. tree improvement

Question 6

• Application of tree breeding
• Marriage of tree breeding and silviculture

Answer 6

FOREST TREE IMPROVEMENT

Question 7

Genetic improvement of trees is further enhanced by sound silvicultural operations

Answer 7

FOREST TREE IMPROVEMENT

Question 8

________ aims to create favorable conditions where the trait can best be expressed

Answer 8

Silviculture

Question 9

is designed to create a more
or less permanent improvement in the character/trait of interest

Answer 9

TREE IMPROVEMENT

Question 10

The Basic Principle:

Answer 10

P = G + E + GE
Phenotype
Genotype
Environment
Genotype X Environment
interaction

Question 11

What controls sap sweetness?

Answer 11

• Genetics
• Environment
• Weather
• Soil
• Competition
• Aspect (compass direction of
  slope where tree grows)

Question 12

• will take care of the G
  component, understanding the strength of the genetic control on the character to be improved

Answer 12

Forest Genetics

Question 13

• will take care of the E component

Answer 13

Silviculture

Question 14

• will play a significant role in
  the GE component

Answer 14

Tree Improvement

Question 15

To ensure high percentage of field survival of planted tree seedlings and increase the productivity of
plantations, it is important that ________ seedlings and propagules are used in planting.

Answer 15

good quality

Question 16

___________ is also a major factor that determines the success of any reforestation

Answer 16

Seedling quality

Question 17

Objectives of Tree Improvement:

Answer 17

• Increase yield of forest products per area per unit time
• Sustain/stabilize production
• Expand area of production
• Improve quality of products

Question 18

The tree improvement process is best portrayed by a continuous cycle of selection, breeding, and testing.

Answer 18

The Tree Improvement Cycle

Question 19

The Tree Improvement Cycle:

Answer 19

1) selecting the most desirable trees from natural stands or plantations
2) breeding or mating these select trees and
3) testing the resulting progeny.

Question 20

Tremendous variation exists in natural stands for many tree characteristics such as growth
rate, color, branching habit and disease resistance.

Answer 20

SELECTION

Question 21

The aim of selection is to choose the best __________. This will be the starting point in the improvement of the genotypic
characteristics of the planting materials

Answer 21

phenotypic tree

Question 22

Selection Criteria:

Answer 22

superior height growth
superior diameter growth
good seed producer
good pruning ability
straight bole
flat branch angle
disease resistant
insect resistant
drought resistant
superior wood characteristics

Question 23

• has a superior phenotype and appears to be adaptable
• not tested for its genetic worth, although the chances of its having a good genotype are high for characteristics with a reasonable heredity

Answer 23

PLUS TREE

Question 24

• selected trees that have proven to be genetically superior by means of progeny testing
• tree is most suited for desired use in mass production of seeds of vegetative propagules

Answer 24

ELITE TREE

Question 25

a tree that has been selected for grading because of its desirable phenotypic qualities that has not yet been graded or tested

Answer 25

CANDIDATE TREE

Question 26

trees that are located in the same stand, and of nearly the same age, are growing on the same stand or better site as the select tree and against which the select tree is graded

Answer 26

CHECK TREE

Question 27

________ due to its natural distribution, stand and individual variation can be used in selection process.

Answer 27

Variations

Question 28

VARIATIONS IN FOREST TREES

Answer 28

1.Geographic Variation 2.Stand to Stand Variation 3.Individual Tree Variations

Question 29

refers to the differences in traits observed among tree populations across different geographical regions

Answer 29

Geographic Variation

Question 30

By planting the right seed source on a given location, a dramatic improvement in growth can often be obtained instantaneously, while planting the wrong seed source guarantees disaster.

Answer 30

Geographic Variation

Question 31

Differences among stands within the same physiographic region

Answer 31

Stand to Stand Variation

Question 32

There are known land races that are excellent sources of particular species, like in the Philippines, Benguet Pine from Bokod is one of the best; Narra from Cagayan and Dipterocarps from Mindanao are among those known for their quality.

Answer 32

Stand to Stand Variation

Question 33

Within the stand, individuals still vary. In many forest tree species, individual tree variation is an important source of variation for practical breeding programs.

Answer 33

Individual Tree Variation

Question 34

FORCES THAT SHAPES VARIATION:

Answer 34

1.Selection 2.Mutation 3.Gene flow 4.Genetic Drift

Question 35

- Determines which tree willl grow or not - May increase variation if varoring heterozygotes

Answer 35

Selection

Question 36

“Survival of the fittest”

Answer 36

Natural selection

Question 37

- Heritable change in the genetic constitution - Most are recessive and have little effects on phenotype - Ultimate source of variation

Answer 37

Mutation

Question 38

- migration of alleles from one population to another - movement of pollen or seed - species introduction

Answer 38

Gene flow

Question 39

- chance fluctuations in allele frequencies - difficult to prove in trees and hence not considered as significant in tree breeding

Answer 39

Genetic drift

Question 40

The next step in the tree improvement process is_______ or _______ among the select trees.

Answer 40

mating or breeding

Question 41

- A group of genetically identical plants derived asexually from a single individual.

Answer 41

CLONES

Question 42

- is an independent member of a clone

Answer 42

RAMET

Question 43

- is the parental stock or the original plant from which the members of a clone have descended

Answer 43

ORTET

Question 44

_____ is the practice of crossing trees that differ considerably in their genetic make-up.

Answer 44

Breeding

Question 45

breeding basic technique use ___________ are then performed among the selections.

Answer 45

controlled-pollination

Question 46

- transferring pollen from one plant to the receptive female reproductive organs of another plant while excluding all other pollen

Answer 46

Controlled pollination

Question 47

The _____________ is another group of trees established to meet commercial planting demands.

Answer 47

production population

Question 48

Seed produced from tree improvement breeding efforts are used to establish progeny tests.

Answer 48

Testing

Question 49

- is an effective way of determining whether the observed superiority of a mother plant is environmentally-induced or genetically-based.

Answer 49

Progeny test

Question 50

The purpose of these tests is to:

Answer 50

- provide genetic information about the select parent trees - provide an improved population of trees from which the next generation of select tees is made