CH 6: Tree Improvement Flashcards
(41 cards)
Major Tree Improvement Methods:
- Hybridization
- Biotechnology
- Clonal Forestry
- Introduction of Exotic Species and Species Trial
- Seed Production Areas and Seed Orchard
– breeding of two parents with
different genotypes
Hybridization
– the offspring of two different species
Hybrid
- is often combined with selection of individuals within each species for cross compatibility and the trait to be improved.
Hybridization
Hybrid plants tend to be:
- more vigorous than their parents
- often have faster growth
- increased yield
- greater size
A phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior traits, such as increased growth rate, reproductive success, and yield, compared to their purebred parents
Heterosis
An offspring is________ if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents.
heterotic
- is the techniques that uses living organisms or part of organisms to make or modify
products, biomass utilization, microbial applications to soil management, mining and oil fields.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology includes:
- genetically engineered microorganisms
- recombinant techniques
- cell manipulation
- embryo techniques and diagnostics
- biological fertilizers and bioremediating organisms
Biotechnology techniques:
a. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)
b. BIOFERTILIZERS
c. PHYTOREMEDIATION
- an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)
The formulated product containing one or more microorganisms that enhance the nutrient status (the growth and yield) of the plants by either replacing soil nutrients and/or by making nutrients more available to plants and/or by increasing plant access to nutrients (Malusá & Vassilev 2014).
BIOFERTILIZERS
_________ are special soil microorganisms that can form a symbiotic relationship with legumes resulting in biological nitrogen fixation, or BNF.
Rhizobia
q- a long-term interaction between members of different species that often benefits one or both organisms
Symbiotic relationship
- a group of plants in the family of Fabaceae or Leguminosae
Legumes
- a method of converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds (ammonia) by microorganisms
Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF)
- uses plants to clean up contaminated environments.
Phytoremediation
How Does Phytoremediation Work?
- Store the contaminants in the roots, stems, or leaves
- Convert them to less harmful chemicals within the plant or, more commonly, the root zone.
- Convert them to vapors, which are released into the air
- Sorb (stick) contaminants onto their roots where very small organisms called “microbes” (such as bacteria) that live in the soil break down the sorbed contaminants to less harmful chemicals.
PHYTOREMEDIATION:
a. Mirasol (Helianthus annuus)
b. Mais (Zea mays)
c. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
d. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)
- Sunflower is one of the most studied species for phytoremediation of heavy metals and is considered as the most ideal plant because of its greater potential for heavy metal uptake and tolerance.
- Sunflower is effective at removing lead, chromium, copper, cadmium, and zinc, claims research.
Mirasol (Helianthus annuus)
An effective accumulator plant for phytoremediation of cadmium and lead polluted soils.
Mais (Zea mays)
- used in the phytoremediation approach to remove heavy metals from wastewater.
Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
- useful to accumulate certain metals while producing high quantities of biomass in the process, and Indian mustard is the star of this group.
- It can remove three times more Cd than others, reduce 28% of Pb, up to 48% of Se, and it is effective against Zn, Hg and Cu as well.
Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)
- The simple use of cloned trees in forestry do not constitute clonal forestry.
Clonal Forestry
