Chapter 5: Population Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
- the study of evolution from a genetic point of view
A
Population Genetics
2
Q
- a field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations, and the changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection
A
Population Genetics
3
Q
population genetics it is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary processes: ______________________. It also involves the concepts of migration and isolation.
A
a. natural selection
b. genetic drift
c. mutation
d. gene flow
4
Q
- the percentage of alleles of a given type in a population
A
allele/gene frequency
5
Q
- a term of population genetics that is used in characterizing the genetic diversity of a species population, or equivalently the richness of its gene pool
A
allele/gene frequency
6
Q
Levels of Biodiversity:
A
Ecosystem
Species
Genes
7
Q
The amount of diversity at the genetic level is important because it represents the raw material for ________ and __________.
A
evolution and adaptation
8
Q
More genetic diversity in a species or population means a greater ability for some of the individuals in it to_________________ in the environment.
A
adapt to changes
9
Q
- a change of the genetic structure of a population, and are brought by evolutionary factors
A
Evolution
10
Q
Evolution type:
A
a. Microevolution
b. Macroevolution
11
Q
- changes in allele frequency of a population over time (genetic diversity)
A
Microevolution
12
Q
- large scale evolution of groups of species (speciation)
A
Macroevolution
13
Q
Evolutionary Factors:
A
a. Natural Selection
b. Mutation
c. Genetic Drift
d. Gene Flow
14
Q
- is a mechanism of evolution
A
Natural Selection
15
Q
- organism that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time
A
Natural Selection
16
Q
- random changes of genetic information
A
Mutation
17
Q
- errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection
A
Mutation
18
Q
Mutation is the ultimate source of ________
A
variation
19
Q
Mutation often _______
A
lethal/detrimental
20
Q
Type of Mutation:
A
a. Chromosomal Mutation
b. Gene Mutation
21
Q
- changes in structure as well as in number of chromosomes
A
Chromosomal Mutation
22
Q
Chromosomal Types:
A
a. Euploidy
b. Aneuploidy
c. Chromosomal Aberrations
23
Q
- variation in complete sets of chromosome
- refers to the changes involving the whole genome or entire set of chromosome
A
Euploidy
24
Q
Euploidy Types:
A
a. Monoploidy
b. Diploidy
c. Polyploidy
25
- the number of sets of chromosome in a cell or an organism
Ploidy
26
- contains one half the normal number of chromosomes and is exhibited by monoploids (individuals having one set of chromosome)
Monoploidy (n)
27
- have two sets of chromosomes
Diploidy (2n)
28
- have 3 or more sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy (>2n)
29
- are organism with the cells containing 3 or more sets of chromosome or genomes (organisms with more than two genome0
Polyploids
30
- (3 sets or 3n;3x)
- banana, apple, ginger, watermelon, citrus
Triploidy
31
- (4 sets or 4n;4x)
- maize, cotton, potato, cabbage, tobacco, peanut
Tetraploidy
32
- (6 sets or 6n;6x)
- wheat, kiwi, chrysanthemum
Hexaploidy
33
- variation in parts of chromosome sets
- occurs when one or more chromosome of a normal set are lacking (hypoploidy) or present in excess (hyperploidy). This mostly causes abnormalities in human.
Aneuploidy
34
Aneuploidy Types:
a. Monosomy
b. Trisomy
c. Tetrasomy
35
- (2n - 1)
- the monosomics have only one chromosome instead of the 2 normal sets
Monosomy
36
- (2n +1)
- the trisomics have one chromosome more than the normal 2 sets
Trisomy
37
- (2n + 2)
- the tetrasomics have one chromosome represented 4 times
Tetrasomy
38
- the presence of more than two homologous chromosome sets
- rare in humans
Polyploidy
39
- the presence of an abnormal number of chromosome
- more common in humans
Aneuploidy
40
- changes in chromosome structure or structural changes involving parts of one or more chromosomes
Chromosomal Aberrations
41
Chromosomal Aberrations are caused by ___________________ or chromatids
breaks in the chromosomes
42
Kinds of Chromosomal Aberrations:
1. Deletion or Deficiencies
2. Duplication or Repeats
3. Inversion
4. Translocation or Interchange
43
- represent a loss of a segment or part of a chromosome. This may result to lethality or production of unique phenotypic effects on organism
- e.g. Philadelphia 22 and Cri-du-chat syndrome
Deletion or Deficiencies
44
- occur when a section of chromosome is in excess of normal amount or there are extra copies of a part of a chromosome. This may result in the production of wild type of phenotypes
- e.g. duplications of recessive alleles
Duplication or Repeats
45
- rotation of a chromosome segments to a full 180 degree
- may result to partial or complete sterility of the organism
- reverse the direction of a part of a chromosome
Inversion
46
Inversion types:
a. Paracentric Inversion
b. Pericentric Inversion
47
- occurs when the centromere is not included in the inverted segment
Paracentric Inversion
48
- occurs when the inverted segment includes the centromere
Pericentric Inversion
49
- occurs when a single breaks in two non-homologous chromosome produce an exchange of chromosome sections between them
- occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
- may result to partial sterility or lethality in organism
Translocation or Interchange
50
- results from changes in an organism's genotype or a change in the stored chemical information in DNA
- changes to your DNA sequence that happen during cell division when your cells make copies of themselves
Gene Mutation
51
Gene Mutation Types:
a. Point Mutation
b. Frameshift Mutation
52
- a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA
Point Mutation
53
- an insertion or deletion of a single base that change the reading frame of the entire subsequent sequence
Frameshift Mutation
54
- random fluctuation in the numbers of gene variations in a population
- a change in the gene pool of a small population that takes place strictly by chance
Genetic Drift
55
- genes and other genetic elements of the next generation will be those of the lucky individuals, not necessarily the healthier or better individuals
- most often observed in small population
Genetic Drift
56
- the transfer of alleles from the gene pool of one population to the gene pool of another population
Gene Flow/ Migration
57
Main Factors Affecting Gene Flow/ Migration in Crop Species
- Pollinators
- Seed Dispersal
- Breeding System
58
Pollination (Biotic and Abiotic Agents)
(Zoophily):
- Hydrophily
- Anemophily
- Myrmecophily
- Ornithophily
- Malacophily
- Chiropterophily
