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Biology 2 > Ch 50 > Flashcards

Ch 50 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

-transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to CNS
-involved converting energy into a change in membrane potential
-stimuli from diff. receptors travel as action potential along dedicated neural pathways
-brain distinguishes stimuli from diff. receptors based on areas of brain where action potential arrive

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2
Q

sensory pathways have 4 functions in common

A

-sensory reception
-transduction
-transmission
-integration

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3
Q

perception

A

brains contruction of stimuli
-sensory experience of the world

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4
Q

amplification

A

strengthening of stimulus energy of cells in sensory pathways
-brain may increase or decrease input based on what other sounds are around and what is more important

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5
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decrease responsiveness to continued stimulation

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6
Q

5 categories of sensory receptors

A

-mechanorecptors
-chemoreceptors
-electromagnetic receptors
-thermoreceptors
-pain receptors

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7
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

-sense physical deformation cause by stimuli (pressure, stretch, motion and sound)
-ex. knee jerk response (stretch receptor)
-

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

-transmit info. about total solute [ ] of a solution
-detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send information to the brain to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions.

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9
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

detect electromagnetic energy (light, electricity and magnetism)
-many animals move using the Earths magnetic field

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10
Q

theromoreceptor

A

-respond to temp.
-help regulate body temp. by signaling both surface and core temp/
-mammals have a # of kinds of thermorecptors ( each for a particular temp. range)

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11
Q

pain receptors

A

-nociceptors
-naked dendrites in epidermis
-respond to excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues

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12
Q

statocysts

A

organs that most invertebrates use to maintain equilibrium using mechanoreceptors
-help in sensing gravity and sound

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13
Q

statoliths

A

-mechanoreceptors that detect movement of granules in statocysts

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14
Q

hearing

A

-sound causes tympanic membrane to vibrate
-3 bones in middle ear transmit vibrations to oval widow on cochlea
-vibrtaions create pressure wave sin fluid in cochlea that travel to vestibular canal
-pressure waves in canal cause the basilar membrane to vibrate (bending hair cells)
-bending depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potentials to brain via auditory nerve
-fluid waves dissipate when they strike round window of tympanic canal

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15
Q

equilibrium

A

several organs in inner ear detect body movement, position, and balance
-utricle and saccule

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16
Q

utricle and saccule

A

-contain granules called otoliths that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement

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17
Q

3 semicircular canals

A

contain fluid
-detect angular movement in any direction
-responsible for balance

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18
Q

lateral line system

A

-most fishes and aquatic amphibians
-contains mechanoreceptors with hair cells that detect and respond to water movement
-

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19
Q

photoreceptors

A

-light detectors
-cells that contain light absorbing pigment molecules
-simplest light detecting organs are in planarians (allows to move away from light and seek shaded locations) (Ocelli)

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20
Q

compound eyes

A

-consist of up to several thousand light detectors called ommatidia
-insects and crustaceans
-very effective at detecting movement

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21
Q

single lens eyes

A

-some jellies, polychaetes, spiders, and many mollucs
-iris changes diameter of the pupil to control how much light enters
-all vertebrates (eye detects light/color, the brain processes info and perceives image)

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22
Q

rhodopsin

A

-used by both rods and cones
Steps for activation:
-light concerts cis-retinal to trans-retinal
-trans-retinal activated rhodopsin
-activates G-protein
-leads to hydrolysis of cyclic GMP
-hyperolarizes the cell
-signal tranduction pathway shuts off when enzymes convert trans-retinal back to cis-retinal

23
Q

bipolar cells

A

-either hyper polarized or depolarized in response to glutamate in the processing of visual info in retina

24
Q

dark response

A

-rhodospin inactive
-Na+ channels open
-Rod depolorized
-Glutamate released
-Bipolar cell either depolarized/hyperpolarized, depending on glutamate receptors

25
Q

light response

A

-rhodopsin active
-Na+ channels closed
-Rod hyperpolarized
-no glutamate released
-Bipolar cell either depolarized/hyperpolarized, depending on glutamate receptors

26
Q

lateral inhibition

A

-enhnaced contrast in image
-results from interactions among diff. cells

27
Q

optic chasm

A

-where optic nerves meet
-near cerebral cortex (back of head)
-senstaions from left visual field are transmitted to right side of brain
-senstaions from right visual field are transmitted to left side of brain

28
Q

lateral geniculate nuclei

A

-where most ganglion cell axons lead to

29
Q

primary visual cortex

A

-where the lateral geniculate nuclei relay info to
-in cerebrum

30
Q

polarized light
quiz up to this point

A

-vibrates or oscillates in only one direction

31
Q

arthropods hearing

A

-sense sounds w/ body hairs that vibrate or w/ localized ears w/ tympanic membrane and receptor cells

32
Q

transduction of visual info. to nervous system

A

begins when light indices the conversion of cis-retinal to trans-retinal (activates rhodopsin)
-activates G protein
-which then leads to hydrolysis of cyclic GMP
-when cyclic GMP breaks down, Na+ channels close
-which hyper polarizes cell
-usually shuts off when enzyme converts retinal back to cis-retinal

33
Q

processing of visual info. begins where?

A

retina

34
Q

rods and cones

A

-in the dark release neurotransmitter glutamate into synapses w/ bipolar cells
-in the light, hyper polarize, shutting off release of glutamate

35
Q

other neurons that contribute to info processing in retina

A

-ganglion cells: transmit signals from bipolar cell to brain
-horizontal ana amacrine cells: help integrate visual info. before sent to brain

36
Q

fovea

A

a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest.
-high concentraction of cones

37
Q

gustation

A

-dependent on detection of chemical (tastants)

38
Q

olfaction

A

-dependent on the detection of ordorant molecules

39
Q

taste receptors of insects

A

-are in sensory hair (sensible)
-located on feet and in mouth parts

40
Q

taste bud

A

-no particular region for specific type of taste
-each bud contains: sweet, salty, sour, biter, umami (elicited by glutamate)
-

41
Q

skeletal muscle

A

-called striated muscle
-regular movement of myofibrils create light/dark band pattern

42
Q

myofibrils

A

2 kinds:
-thin filaments: 2 strands of actin and 2 strands of regulatory protein
-thick filaments: staggered array of myosin

43
Q

sarcomere

A

-functional unit of a muscle
-bordered by Z lines

44
Q

myosin head

A

-binds to actin
-froms cross bidge
-pulls thin filament toward center of sacomere
=muscle contract (reuqires repeated cycles binding/release) and for myosin binding site to be uncovered

45
Q

sliding filament model

A

-filaments slide past each pther longitudinally procusing overlap between filaments

46
Q

tropomysin and troponin complex

A

-set of additonal proteins
-bind to actin filamnet when muscle is a rest
-prevents actin and myosin from interacting
-Ca2+, released by sarcoplasmic reticlum, binds to troponin complex, exposing myosin binding sites
-contraction occurs when CA2+ is high and stops when its low
-acetylcholine depolarizes cell, cuasing an action potential, leading to a contraction

47
Q

t tublues

A

-where action potential travels throguh to get to sarcoplamsic reticulum

48
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
49
Q

motor unit

A

-single motot neuron and all muscle fibers it controls

50
Q

tetanus

A

-state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliever a volley of action otentials
-stiff muscles

51
Q

myoglobin

A

protein that binds to oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin

52
Q

slow twitch fibers

A

-mitochondria dense
-oxidative: rely on aerobic respiration to generate ATP
-contract more slowly but longer contractions

53
Q

fast twitch fibers

A

-rapid and shorter contractions
-glycolytic or oxidative
-glycolytic: use glycolysis as source of ATP

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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