Ch 6: Learning Flashcards
The process of acquiring through experience, new and relatively enduring info or behaviors
Learning
Learning that certain events occur together. May be 2 stimuli (classical) or a response and its consequence (operant)
Associative learning
A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (bracing ourselves after lightning strikes bc we anticipate thunder)
Classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning
Neural stimulus
In classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response (salivation)
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response
Unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the initial stage when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral begins triggering the conditioned response
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditional stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
Generalization
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli (in operant, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from those that aren’t)
Discrimination
A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more probable of followed by a reinforcer or is diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant conditioning
Believed that we are governed by operant conditioning; tested pigeons; formed concept of reinforcement
BF Skinner
In operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Reinforcement
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer towards a desired behavior
Shaping
Requiring a rat to touch the bar to get food; a way of shaping behavior; used when giving rewards; reinforce responses that are ever closer to the final desired behavior
Successive approximations
Increases behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli like food; presented after a response strengthens response
Positive reinforcement
Increases behavior by stopping or removing a negative stimuli. When removed after a response strengthens a response
Negative reinforcement
An event that is innately reinforcing; often satisfying a biological need; unlearned
Primary reinforcer
An event that gains its reinforcing power through its link with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Reinforcement schedules
Reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs; learning and extinction occur rapidly
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction
Partial reinforcement
I’m operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses
Fixed ratio schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule schedule that reinforces only after a specified time has elapsed; checking the mail more often when it has been several days
Fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Variable interval schedule
An event that decreases the behavior it follows
Punishment
Dorm of punishment that administers an undesirable consequence (spanking)
Positive punishment
Form of punishment that withdraws something desirable (taking away phone)
Negative punishment
A desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid punishment
Extrinsic motivation
Learning by observing others
Observational learning
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
Positive constructive helpful behavior. Opposite of antisocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
Effect of observational learning that is opposite of prosocial; has negative effects: Ex abusive parents having aggressive children
Antisocial effects
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
The “little Albert” researcher; built in Pavlov’s work. Thought basic laws of learning or same as animals; behaviorism;
John B Watson
He explored classical conditioning; had a medical degree and earned Russia’s first nobel prize; experimented with dogs salivating
Pavlov (1849-1936)
