Ch 8 - 10

Question 0

What two types of pathways are their and define them?

Answer 0

Catabolic (breakdown) - Exergonic, spontaneous, down hill
Anabolic (Build up) - consumes energy to build up complex molecules
endergonic, uphill rxn, not spontaneous

Question 1

Define metabolic pathways

Answer 1

Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.
ex. Molecule (A) undergoes a reaction w/ an enzyme to create molecule (B) which under goes a rxn w/ an enzyme to create molecule (c) etc. until it transforms into the desired molecule.

Question 2

What is the name of the process of which organisms transform energy?

Answer 2

Thermodynamics - the study of the energy transformations tht occur in a collection of matter.

Question 3

What is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 3

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed .
1st law AKA the principle of conservation of energy

Question 4

what is the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

• 2nd law: Every energy transfer and transformed increases the entropy(A measure of Disorganization) of the system
Heat:random movement of particles; Disorganization energy
Every time energy has been used it is less organized

Question 5

how is energy transformations of life are subject to the laws of thermodynamics

Answer 5

living things are an opens system, tht react with the environment.
energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.

Question 6

an example of an open system

Answer 6

living things absorb energy - for instance, light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules - and release heat and metabolic waste such as CO2, to the surroundings

Question 7

ATP powers cellular work: it couples exergonic to endergonic rxn
another way of asking is
How does energy released from catabolism of ATP become coupled to cellular work?

Answer 7

> ATP + H2O V
E from catabolism(exergonic)/\ Energy for cellular work endergonic
/\ ADP + P- <

Question 8

Organisms live at the expense of free energy

Answer 8

it is usable energy. energy ready to do work.
free energy is used to do all of the cellular work.[VERY IMPORTANT]
ex. atp is used to change the shape of transport proteins.
also used to move motor proteins.

Question 9

What is energy and define it

Answer 9

Energy is the capacity for work

the ability to do work or produce change

Question 10

What types of energy are there?

Answer 10

Kinetic energy- objects in motion
Potential- not moving
Thermal Energy- is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of particles.

Question 11

how can energy be transferred or transformed

Answer 11

a bear can transfer or transform chemical energy of the organic molecules in its food to kinetic energy and other forms as it carries out biological processess

Question 12

what happens to energy after each transformation?

Answer 12

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the system

Question 13

define entropy

Answer 13

a measure of of disorder or randopmness

Question 14

define free energy

Answer 14

is the portion of a systems energy tht can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system .

Question 15

define endergonic rxn

Answer 15

anabolic , building up
requires an input of free energy
uphill rxn
not spontaneous

Question 16

define exergonic

Answer 16

catabolic - breaking down
spontaneous
downhill
release of free energy

Question 17

define enzyme

Answer 17

a protein catalyst

Question 18

define catalyst

Answer 18

a chemical agent tht speeds up a rxn without being consumed by the rxn

Question 19

define activation energy

Answer 19

The amount of energy needed to push the reactants to the top of the energy barrier

Question 20

define active site

Answer 20

is a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalysis occurs

Question 21

define inhibitors

Answer 21

certain chemicals inhibit the action of specific enzymes

Question 22

define competitive inhibitor

Answer 22

reduces the productivity of the enzyme by blocking substrates from entering active sites

Question 23

define noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 23

do not directly compete w/ the substrate to bind to the active site. they bind else where and change the shape of the enzyme

Question 24

define ATP

Answer 24

the bodies currency | Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 25

define induced fit

Answer 25

brings chemical grps of the active site into positions tht enhance thesi ability to catalyze the chemical rxn

Question 26

define open system?

Answer 26

an interaction with its environment

Question 27

Define reduction and oxidation

Answer 27

Reduction (Oxidizing agent) - Reduces overal charge , gains e- Oxidation (reducing agent) - increases overal charge by lossing e-

Question 28

define aerobic respiration

Answer 28

is a catabolic pathway / oxygen is consumed as a reactant along w/ organic fuel

Question 29

define NAD+

Answer 29

A coenzyme tht accepts a H+ and can cycle easily between oxidation

Question 30

define substrate lvl phosphorylation

Answer 30

A smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle(Krebs cycle).

Question 31

``` Aerobic Respiration Review ATP NADH FADH2 Glycolysis Transition / Bridge rxn Krebs cycle Total ATP produce ```

Answer 31

ATP NADH FADH2 Glycolysis 2 2 0 Transition / bridge rxn 0 2. 0 Krebs cycle 2 6 2 Total ATP produce in aerobic respiration is 30 -32

Question 32

Aerobic respiation Each NADH passed down the ETC yields a maximum of ______ ATP Each FADH2 passed down from ETC yields approximately ______ ATP In fermentation, NADH produced in glycolysis yield approx. ______ ATP Most ATP porduced in aerobic respiration is generated by?

Answer 32

2.5 1.5 0 Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 33

define gylcolysis where and what does it break down into

Answer 33

occurs in the cytosol. breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvates produces 2ATP and 2NADH but no (0) FADH2

Question 34

Transition / bridge rxn (oxidation of pyruvate)

Answer 34

requires O2 Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Turns 2 pyruvate -----> 2 Aceytl CoA + CO2 Produced NO ATP , NADH or FADH2

Question 35

Define krebs cycle

Answer 35

``` Requires O2 Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria 8 Enz-catalyzed steps 2 Acetyl Coa ----> 4CO2 (completes oxidation of glycose) Produces 2ATP 6NADH 2FADH2 ```

Question 36

define Electron transport chain

Answer 36

``` it accepts e- (most often from NADH) from the breakdown products of the first 2 stages and passes e- from one molecule to another 9 members, - 8proteins and 1 ubiquinone Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria O2 is final Electron Acceptor 6H2O are formed ```

Question 37

Define Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria High energy e- ETC (REDOX RXN EXERGONIC)

Question 38

define Chemiosmosis

Answer 38

Free energy released by electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space and is used to drive cellular work such as synthesis of ATP

Question 39

define proton-motive force

Answer 39

Proton gradients created by ETC is a force | Protons come back through

Question 40

define Cytochromes

Answer 40

most of the remaining carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen are called cytochromes

Question 41

Define Fermentaion

Answer 41

``` used wen O2 is not available Glucose --> 2pyruvate 2NADH + 2ATP The purpose of Fermentation is to oxdize NADH ---> NAD+ (NAD+ needed for glycolosis) Net transfer is 2.1% ```

Question 42

define anaerobic respiration

Answer 42

anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

Question 43

define alcohol fermentation

Answer 43

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps

Question 44

define lactic acid fermemtation

Answer 44

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product w/ no release of CO2

Question 45

``` Glycolysis in detail where does it occur whats the products how many steps what are the costs ```

Answer 45

•Glycolysis , occurs in the cytoplasm 6CH12O2 ----> 2 pyruvate Energy investment phase Costs 2 ATP (5 enz-catalyzed steps)[Phosphofructosekinase] § Glucose---> 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Energy Yielding / payoff phase [ gain 4 ATP + 2NADH Net: 2ATP and 2NADH[Substrate lvl phosphorylation § (5 Enz-catalyzed steps) § 2G3P ----> 2 Pyruvate

Question 46

why do cells constantly recycle ATP instead of storing enough for a days need?

Answer 46

The avg. adult uses about or over 100 lbs of ATP a day. so instead of storing 100 lbs per day we constantly make it

Question 47

If glucose provides the ultimate source of energy for cells, why do they transfer tht energy to other molecules like ADP --> ATP or NAD+ --> NADH?

Answer 47

Because ATP is the right amount of energy to do work in our body aka energy currency of the cell

Question 48

Compare Substrate lvl phosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation? which requires enzymes? What are the oxidizing agents? Where do these processes occur

Answer 48

Glycolysis (substrate lvl phosphorylation) requires enzymes occurs: cytoplasm Krebs cycle (substrate lvl phosphorylation) occurs: matrix of Mitochondria Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs: inner membrane mitochondria

Question 49

Explain the phrase: In respiration, electrons fall "downhill" from organic molecules to oxygen.

Answer 49

in cellular respiration the rxn occurs in stages: an ETC breaks the "fall" of e- in this rxn into a series of smaller steps and stores some of the released energy in a form tht can b used to make ATP.

Question 50

how does Chemiosmosis relate to osmosis? What diffuses?Where? How is chemiosmosis relateed to proton motive force?

Answer 50

Free energy released (by electron transfer in the electron transport chain) causes proteins to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space (Proton motor force is used to pump the H+) ○ Proton gradients created by ETC is a force ○ Protons come back through H+ then moves back across the membrane , passing through the protein complex

Question 51

describe how ATP and ADP act as allosteric regulators of respiration?

Answer 51

When to an excess of ATP exist at a point and time the enzyme phosphofrutokinase slows done the process of creating more ATP(by citrate attaching to the enzyme). but wen the output of ATP decreases from the amount being produced the enzyme again turns back on to produce a sufficient amount of ATP.

Question 52

Which process is older Fermentation or respiration? what evidence do we have?

Answer 52

Fermentation is older bcuz O2 wasnt available until 2.5 billion yrs ago

Question 53

what is the Pasteur affect? explain

Answer 53

He observed tht yeast consumed sugar at a much faster rate under anaerobic conditions than when O2 was available They hav to ingest sugar at a much faster rate so they can consitently make ATP bcuz fermentation is a much less effeicent way of cresating ATP 2.1% compared to cellular respiration which is 34%

Question 54

What is the Molecular formula of Photosynthesis?

Answer 54

Solar energy (Light) + 6CO2 + 6H2O ----->C6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2

Question 55

What is the molecular formula of cellular respiration?

Answer 55

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 56

what are the differences between photosynthesis and respiration?>?

Answer 56

Photosynthesis is a reactant in the process to create glucose where as ATP is a product in respiration

Question 57

Statement (no Question): photosynthesis traps solar energy and uses tht energy in the synthesis of sugar. In eukaryotic plants this 2 step process occurs in the chloroplast. The first step, known as the light rxn, occurs in thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast. Here, chlorophyll a and accessory pigments absorb photons of light which excite an electon into a higher energy orbital. this initial capture of light energy fuels the synthesis of ATP (through chemiosmosis) and powers the reduction of NADP+ --> NADPH + ATP NADPH power the synthesis of a sugar in the stroma of the chloroplast. this process Calvin cycle

Answer 57

NO ANSWER JUST STATMENT

Question 58

What are the three steps to the calvin cycle?

Answer 58

1) the fixation of carbon (from CO2, powered by ATP) 2) reduction of the 3 carbon intermediate into a 3 carbon sugar (powered by NADPH) 3) regeneration (powered by ATP)

Question 59

Define Autotrophs

Answer 59

Self feeders

Question 60

Define heterotrophs

Answer 60

Other feeding

Question 61

Define chloropyll

Answer 61

the green pigment tht gives leaves their color

Question 62

Define light rxn

Answer 62

The photo part of photosynthesis step of photosynthesis tht convert solar energy to chemical energy. Water is split providing a source of e- and H+ and giving O2 as a by product

Question 63

Define Photons

Answer 63

light behaves as though it consists of discrete particles

Question 64

define absorption spectrum

Answer 64

a graph plotting a pigments light absorption vs wavelength

Question 65

define photosystem

Answer 65

there are 2 types of photosystems PSII and PSI (thts the order in which they were found)