Ch. 9-classical Conditioning

Question 0

Law of effect

Answer 0

Says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

A kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Refers to a kind of learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future

Question 3

Cognitive learning

Answer 3

A kind of learning that involves mental processes, such as attention and memory; may be learned through observation or imitation; may not involve any external rewards or require the person to perform observable behaviors

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

Some stimulus that causes a sensory experience

The bell

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex
(Food)

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

An unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
(Salivation)

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Generalization

Answer 8

The tendency for a stimulus that us similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

Occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

Refers to a procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus and as a result the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer elicit the conditioned response

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

The tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials

Question 12

Adaptive value

Answer 12

Refers to the usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival

Question 13

Taste-aversion learning

Answer 13

Refers to associating a particular sensory cue with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future

Question 14

Preparedness

Answer 14

Refers to the phenomenon that animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others

Question 15

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 15

Refers to feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event

Question 16

Stimulus substitution

Answer 16

Means that a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.
Ex: bell substitutes for food

Question 17

Contiguity theory

Answer 17

Says that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time.

Question 18

Cognitive perspective

Answer 18

Says that an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another.
Bell predicts food is coming

Question 19

Systematic desensitization

Answer 19

A procedure based on classical conditioning, in which a person imagines or visualizes fearful or anxiety-evoking stimuli and then immediately uses deep relaxation to overcome the anxiety

Question 20

3 steps of systematic desensitization

Answer 20

1. Learning to relax
2. Making an anxiety hierarchy
3. Imagining and relaxing