Ch10 Muscular System Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
- ~_______ human skeletal muscles
- Muscles constitute ~_______ of our body weight
- Muscles convert _______ energy (ATP) to _______ energy (movement)
A
- ~600 human skeletal muscles
- Muscles constitute ~HALF of our body weight
- Muscles convert CHEMICAL energy (ATP) to MECHANICAL energy (movement)
2
Q
What are the functions of muscles?
A
- Movement
- Stability
- Control of Openings and Passageways
- Heat up Production
- Glycemic Control
3
Q
Movement
- movement of body parts; _______, ________, etc.
- __________: writing, ________, nonverbal communications
A
Movement
- movement of body parts; FLEXION, EXTENSION, etc.
- COMMUNICATION: writing, SPEECH, nonverbal communications
4
Q
Stability
- maintain ______
- stabilize ______
A
Stability
- maintain POSTURE
- stabilize JOINTS
5
Q
Control of Opening and Passageways
- ___________: internal ________ that control movement of food, ______, _______, etc.
A
Control of Opening and Passageways
- SPHINCTERS: internal MUSCULAR RINGS that control movement of food, BILE, URINE, etc.
6
Q
Heat up Production
- up to _______ of our _________
A
Heat up Production
- up to 85% of our BODY HEAT
7
Q
Glycemic Control
- _________ of _________ concentrations
A
Glycemic Control
- REGULATION of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentrations
8
Q
Connective Tissues (CT) of Muscle
- P_____sium
- E____mysium
- E____mysium
A
Connective Tissues (CT) of Muscle
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- Endomysium
9
Q
Perimysium
- _________ layer of CT
- _______ bundle of ______ called _____
A
Perimysium
- SLIGHTLY THICK layer of CT
- SURROUNDS bundle of CELLS called FASCICLE
10
Q
Epimysium
- ________ whole _________ belly
- _______ into CT between _______
A
Epimysium
- COVERS whole MUSCLE belly
- BLENDS into CT between MUSCLES
11
Q
Endomysium
- ____________ tissue around each _______
- allows room for ________ and _________
A
Endomysium
- THIN AREOLAR tissue around each CELL
- allows room for CAPILLARIES and NERVE FIBERS
12
Q
Where is deep fascia found?
A
Found between adjacent muscles
13
Q
What is superficial fascia also called? Where is it found?
A
- Also called “hypodermis”
- Found in adipose tissue between skin and muscle
14
Q
What are the types of muscle attachments?
A
- Direct Attachment
- Indirect Attachment
- Attachment to Dermis
15
Q
Direct (______) Attachment to Bone
- ____________ continuous with __________
ex) _________ muscle, ________ along humerus
A
Direct (FLESHY) Attachment to Bone
- EPIMYSIUM continuous with PERIOSTEUM
ex) INTERCOSTAL muscle, BRACHIALIS along humerus
16
Q
Indirect Attachment to Bone
- ________ continues as _______ or __________ merges into _________ as __________ fibers
ex) biceps _______ or ________ muscles
A
Indirect Attachment to Bone
- EPIMYSIUM continues as TENDON or APONEUROSIS merges into PERIOSTEUM as PERFORATING fibers
ex) biceps BRACHII or ABDOMINAL muscles
17
Q
Muscle Attachments
_______ will tear _______ before pulling _______ from either _____ or ________
A
Muscle Attachments
STRESS will tear TENDON before pulling TENDON LOOSE from either MUSCLE or BONE
18
Q
What are the skeletal muscle parts?
A
- Attachment
- bone (usually), tendons, skin, aponeurosis
- Belly
- thicker, middle region of muscle
- Origin/Insertion disuse
- 2 ends that bone is attached to… now “skeletal attachment”
19
Q
What are the skeletal muscle shapes?
A
- Fusiform
- Parallel
- Triangular
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
- Circular
20
Q
Describe the fusiform muscles and an example
A
- Thick in middle, tappered at ends
ex) biceps BRACHII
21
Q
Describe the parallel muscles and an example
A
- Parallel fascicles, uniform width
ex) rectcus abdominis
22
Q
Describe the convergent muscles and give an example
A
- Broad at origin, tapering to narrower insertion
ex) pectoralis major
23
Q
Describe the pennate muscles, their names, and an example of each
A
- Fascicles insert obliquely on tendon
ex:
- unipennate = palmar interosseous
- bipennatte = rectus femoris
- multipennate = deltoid
24
Q
Describe circular muscles and an example
A
- Ring around body opening
ex) orbicularis oculi
25
What are the types of coordinated muscle actions?
* Prime mover or agonist
* Synergist
* Antagonist
* Fixator
26
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define a prime mover or agonist
Produces most of force
27
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define synergistic
* Aids prime mover
* Stabilizes nearby joint
* Modifies direction of movement
28
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define antagonist
* Opposes prime mover
* Prevents excessive movement and injury
29
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define fixator
* Prevents movement of bone
30
Ex Muscle Actions During Elbow Flexion
* Prime mover (agonist)=
* Synergist=
* Antagonist=
* Fixator=
Ex Muscle Actions During Elbow Flexion
* Prime mover (agonist)= brachialis
* Synergist= biceps brachii
* Antagonist= triceps brachii
* Fixator= muscle that hold scapula in place - rhomboideus
31
Define intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
* Intrinsic- contained within region such as hand
* Extrinsic- move fingers but found outside region
32
What muscles are in facial expression?
33
Muscles of Mastication
* arise from \_\_\_\_\_\_, insert on \_\_\_\_\_\_
* _________ & ________ elevate mandible
* _______ & _______ help elevate + excursion (allows jaw to go side to side)
Muscles of Mastication
* arise from SKULL, insert on MANDIBLE
* TEMPORALIS & MASSETER elevate mandible
* MEDIAL & LATERAL PTERYGOIDS help elevate + excursion (allows jaw to go side to side)
34
Muscles of Deglutition
* ________ - depresses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, opens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Muscles of Deglutition
* DIAGASTRIC - depresses MANDIBLE, opens MOUTH
35
Muscles of Deglutition
What does the mylohyoid and thyrohyoid do?
* Mylohyoid - elevates floor of mouth in initial stages
* Thyrohyoid - elevates larynx during swallowing
36
Muscles of the Abdomen
What are the 4 pairs of sheet-like muscles?
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transverse abdominis
4. Rectus abdominis
37
Muscles of the Abdomen
What are the functions of the muscles of the abdomen?
* Supports viscera
* Stabilize vertebral column (posture)
* Help in respiration, urination, defecation, childbirth (moving things outside the abdominal cavity)
38
Hernias
What is a hernia?
Protrusion of viscera through muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity
39
Hernias
What are the 3 types of hernias?
1. Inguinal hernia
2. Hiatal hernia
3. Umbilical hernia
40
Describe inguinal hernia
* Most common type of hernia, mostly in men
* Viscera enter inguinal canal or even scrotum
41
Hernias
Describe hiatal hernia
* Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax
* Overweight people over 40
42
Hernias
Describe umbilical hernia
* Viscera protrude through navel
43
Athletic Injuries
* Vulnerable to _______ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Proper ________ & _________ needed
Athletic Injuries
* Vulnerable to SUDDEN & INTENSE STRESS
* Proper CONDITIONING & WARM-UP needed
44
Athletic Injuries
How are they treated?
"No pain, no gain" =
Athletic Injuries
* Treatment= rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE)
* no pain, no gain = dangerous misconception
45
Athletic Injuries
What are common injuries?
* Shin splints
* Pulled hamstrings
* Tennis elbow
46
Shin Splints
Describe medial tibial stress syndrome
* Overload on CT that attach to muscles to tibia
* "Terrible toos" - running too long, too fast, or too hard
47
Tennis Elbow
* ______ or _______ injury of ______ & _______ area _______ of elbow
* area where _______ & ______ of _______ attach to ___________ of elbow
* sometimes called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tennis Elbow
* ABRUPT or SUBTLE injury of MUSCLE & TENDON area LATERAL of elbow
* area where MUSCLES & TENDONS of FOREARM attach to LATERAL EPICONDYLE of elbow
* sometimes called LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS
48
Describe a pulled hamstring and its treatment
* Tear of hamstring muscle fibers
* Treatment = cold compression
49
Describe the different types of pulled hamstrings
1. Grade I = microscopic tear, cramp, or tightness
2. Grade II = = immediate pain
3. Grade III = hamstring muscle can totally rupture, may require surgery
50
Describe plantar fasciitis
* Straining ligament that supports arch
* Repeated strain can cause tiny tears, then pain and swelling
* Heel pain - worse with first steps of morning
