A&P Final Study Guide Flashcards

Question

_Define_ * allele * dominant * recessive * genotype * phenotype

Answer 1

_Define_ * allele - **variation of a gene** * dominant - **allele that's expressed (can see)** * recessive - **allele expressed only in a homozygous combo with itself (no dominant present)** * genotype - **genetic makeup or allele combination** * phenotype - **organism's physical appearance**

Answer 2

_Basic Types of Tissues_ What are the basic types of tissues and their features? * **Muscular - elongated cells** * **Epithelial - closely adhering cells, covers surfaces and lines cavities, avascular** * **Nervous - consists of neuron, dendrites, axon, neurosoma** * **Connective - fibrous proteins and ground substance**

Answer 3

_Exocrine gland vs Endocrine Gland_ What's the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland? * **exocrine glands release material by way of duct (sweat, mammary, and tear glands)** ***whereas*** * **with endocrine glands, secretions go directly into blood (secretions= hormones - thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary)**

Answer 4

_Mucous Membrane vs. Serous Membrane_ What's the difference between a mucous membrane and a serous membrane? * **mucous membrane is an internal membrane that lines passages that open to exterior environment** ***whereas*** * **serous membranes are internal membranes that cover organs and line walls of body cavities**

Answer 5

_Define_ * hypertrophy - **enlargement of preexisting cells** * hyperplasia - **tissue growth through cell multiplication** * neoplasia - **development of a tumor (neoplasm)** * necrosis - **premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections**

Answer 6

_Skin Color Abnormalities_ Name and define some skin color abnormalities * **cyanosis - blueness from deficiency of oxygen in blood** * **erythema - redness from dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment)** * **jaundice - yellowing of skin from excess bilirubin in blood** * **bronzing - golden-brown color - deficiency of glucocorticoid hormone (Addison disease)** * **pallor - pale color from lack of blood flow (fear)** * **hematoma - a bruise (visible clot)**

Answer 7

_Apocrine Sweat Glands vs. Merocrine Sweat Glands_ What are the key differences between apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands? * **apocrine sweat glands are usually simple cuboidal epithelial cells *whereas* merocrine sweat glands are usually stratified epithelial cells** * **aprocrine sweat glands are located in goin, anal region, axilla, areola, beards *whereas* merocrine glands go straight to surface of skin (found all over body)**

Answer 8

_Squamous Cell Carcinoma vs. Basal Cell Carcinoma_ What are the key differences between squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma? * **squamous cell carcinoma tends to metastisize (may become lethal) whereas basal cell carcinoma seldom metastisizes (least dangerous)** * **squamous cell carcinoma forms in stratum spinosum *whereas* basal cell carcinoma forms in stratum basale**

Answer 9

_What factors determine degree of burns?_ * **thickness of burn** * **depth - what part of dermis and epidermis is involved**

Answer 10

_Role of Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast_ What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? **osteoblasts are bone-building cells *whereas* osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells**

Answer 11

_Intramembranous vs. Cartilaginous ossification_ What are the key differences between intramembranous ossification and cartilaginous ossification? * **intramembranous ossification develop from embryonic tissue and forms flat bones of skull and clavicle (and part of mandible)** ***whereas*** * **endochondral ossification develops from a preexisting model of composed of hyaline cartilage (and perichondrium) and forms the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, and bones of the limbs**

Answer 12

_Calcitriol, Calcitonin, & PTH_ *calcium homeostasis is regulated by these 3 hormones* Which raises/which lowers blood levels of calcium? * **calcitriol - RAISES blood levels of calcium** * **calcitonin - LOWERS blood levels of calcium** * **PTH - RAISES blood levels of calcium**

Answer 13

_Osteoporosis Prevention_ What is the best way to prevent osteoporosis? * **exercise and good bone-building diet between ages of 25 & 40**

Answer 14

_Male & Female Pelvises_ What is the difference between male and female pelvises? * **male pelvises = heavier, narrow subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet is heart-shaped** ***whereas*** * **female pelvises = lighter, wide subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet round or oval**

Answer 15

_Synovial Joints_ What are the general features of synovial joints? * freely moveable * articular capsule encloses joint cavity * articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces * lined by synovial membrane * synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages

Answer 16

_Mechanical Advantage in Lever Systems_ Mechanical advantage in lever systems: how does the number relate to action? **MA \> 1.0 = lever produces more force but less speed and distance** **MA \< 1.0 = lever produces more speed or distance but less force**

Answer 17

_Common Joint Surgeries_ Name joint where they occur * rotator cuff = **shoulder joint** * ACL = **knee joint** * Tommy John = **elbow joint**

Answer 18

_Major Shapes of Muscles_ What are the 7 major shapes of muscles? 1. Unipennate 2. Bipennate 3. Multipennate 4. Triangular 5. Circle 6. Parallel 7. Fusiform

Answer 19

_Define_ * prime mover = **produces most of force** * synergist = **aids prime mover, stabilizes nearby joint, modifies direction of movement** * antagonist = **opposes prime mover, prevents excessive movement and injury**

Answer 20

_Basics of Muscle Contraction_ How does it start? **Electrical signal comes down axon of nerve stimulating muscle fiber** How does it spread? **Through each depolarization and repolarization across muscle membrane (domino effect)** Which filament grabs which? **Myosin heads grab actin filaments** Which ion is key? **Calcium**

Answer 21

_Define_ * sarcomere - **segment of myofibril from z disc to z disc** * twitch - **quick cycle of contraction/relaxation when stimulus at threshold or higher** * tetany - **inability of the muscles to relax** * isometric vs. isotonic contraction - **isometric develops tension without changing length *whereas* isotonic changes in length with no change in tension**

Answer 22

_Fast Glycolytic and Slow-Oxidative Muscles_ Which sports/activities requires more fast-glycolytic muscles? Slow-oxidative? * **fast-glycolytic = jumping** * **slow-oxidative = jogging**

Answer 23

_Define_ * RMP - **potential difference in charge between the inside and outside of a cell at rest** * local potential - **small change in membrane** * action potential - **dramatic change in membrane** * depolarization - **change in the membrane potential so that it is closer to zero (less negative)**

Answer 24

_Myelination_ What is the purpose of myelination? Which glial cells do it? Where? purpose = **insulate axon and** **make neural signals faster** glial cells & where = **oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS**

Answer 25

_Temporal vs. Spatial Summation_ What's the difference between temporal and spatial summation? * **temporal summation is where a single synapse receives many EPSPs in a short time** ***whereas*** * **spatial summation is where a single synapse recieves many EPSPs from many cells**

Answer 26

_Sensory vs Motor_ Sensory = incoming, afferent, through dorsal root. Do same for motor. Motor = **outgoing, efferent, though ventral root**

Answer 27

_Define_ * cauda equina - **horse's tail; L2-S5 nerve roots** * medullary cone - **tappered tip of spinal cord** * dermatome - **area of skin that recieves sensory input from pair of spinal nerves**

Answer 28

_Anterior Ramus (of Spinal Nerve) vs. Posterior Ramus_ What's the difference between the anterior ramus (of spinal nerve) and the posterior ramus? * **anterior ramus supplies ventral skin, muscles, and limbs (bigger and goes to more places)** ***whereas*** * **posterior ramus supplies dorsal body muscle and skin**

Answer 29

_Cuneate Fasciculus vs. Spinothalamic Tract_ Which sensations are carried on which? * cuneate fasciculus = **carries sensations from chest and upper limbs** * spinothalamic tract = **carries signals for pain, temperature, pressure, tickle, itch, and light touch**

Answer 30

_Processes in Lobes of Brain_ Which processes occur in which lobe of brain? * **Frontal - voluntary motor, social judgement** * **Insula - taste, pain** * **Temporal - hearing, memory, smell** * **Occipital - vision** * **Parietal - sensory info**

Answer 31

_Primary Functions vs. Association Functions_ What's the difference between primary functions and association functions? * **primary functions are sites where sensory input is first recieved (awareness of stimulus)** ***whereas*** * **association areas are nearby sensory areas that process and interpret sensory info**

Answer 32

_Major Functions_ * cerebellum - **motor coordination, evaluation of sensory input, predicting movements of objects, planning and remembering tasks** * hippocampus - **organizes sensory and cognitive information into new memory, consolidates but doesn't store** * reticular formation - **regulates balance and posture, gaze centers, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation** * hypothalamus - **autonomic functions and homeostasis (heart rate, BP, thermoregulation, sleep/wake, memory and emotions)**

Answer 33

_Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Area_ What's the difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area? * **Broca's area (talking) generates motor program for larynx, tongue, checks, and lips (coordinates movements required for speech)** ***whereas*** * **Wernicke's area (listening) permits recognition of spoken and written language; creates plan of speech**

Answer 34

_Right Brain vs Left Brain_ What's the difference between the right and left brain? * **right brain is representational = holistic perception, imagination and insight, musical and artistic skill, perception of patterns and spatial relationships** ***whereas*** * **left brain is categorical = language, linear analysis, analytical thinking (math and science)**

Answer 35

_Cranial Nerves_ Name the cranial nerves, functions, and result of damage * I - Olfactory = smell - *impaired sense of smell* * II - Optic = vision - *blindness in part or all of visual field* * III - Oculomotor = eye movement (opening eyelid, constricting pupil, focusing) - *drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision* * IV - Trochlear = eye movement (superior oblique muscle) - *double vision, inability to rotate eye infrolaterally* * V - Trigeminal = sensation of face, muscles of mastication - *loss of sensation, difficulty chewing* * VI - Abducens = eye movement (lateral) - *inability to rotate eye laterally* * VII - Facial = motor, facial muscle movement (expressions), salivary glands, tear, nasal, and palatine glands and sensory (taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue) - *sagging facial muscles, disturbed sense of taste (sweet/salty)* * VIII - Vestibulocochlear = hearing and equilibrium - *deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance* * IX - Glossopharyngeal = swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration, taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue - *loss of bitter and sour taste, impaired swallowing* * X - Vagus = swallowing, speech - *hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing (fatal if both are cut)* * XI - Accessory = head, neck, and shoulder movement - *impaired head, neck, and shoulder movement (head turns toward injured side)* * XII - Hypoglossal = tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, and swallowing - *both= cannot protrude tongue... one side= tongue deviates towards injured side*

A&P Final Study Guide Flashcards

(59 cards)