Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Ch7 Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Ch7 Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is osseus (bone) tissue?

A

connective tissue w/ matrix hardened by minerals: Ca3(PO4)2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Individual bones =

A

bone tissue, marrow, blood, cartilage & periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Individual bones:

continually ____ itself

strong, flexible ____ of body

A

continually REMODELS itself

strong, flexible FRAMEWORK of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Forerunner of most bones, present in joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Connect bones at joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is electrolyte balance composed of?

A

Calcium & phosphate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does an acid-based balance do?

A

Buffers blood against pH changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is blood formation comprised of?

A

Red bone marrow - produces blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the different types of bones

A
  • Long bones - levers acted upon by muscles
  • Short bones - glide across one another
  • Flat bones - protect soft organs
  • Irregular bones - elaborate shapes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the general features of the long bone?

A
  • Epiphyses & diaphysis
  • Compact & spongy bone
  • Marrow cavity
  • Articular cartilage
  • Periosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the general features of the flat bone?

A

2 layers of compact bone enclose middle layer of spongy bone

-both surfaces of flat bone covered with periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe diploe

A

spongy layer in cranium

  • absorbs shock
  • marrow spaces lined w/ endosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 principal types of bone cells?

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone-dissolving cells on bone surface

  • develop from same bone marrow stem cells as blood cells (diff from other bone cells)
  • large cells formed from fusion of stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bone matrix is comprised of

A

Organic and inorganic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the combination of organic and inorganic matter do?

A

Provides strength + resilience

(minerals resist compression, collagen resists tension”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe organic matter

A

synthesized by osteoblasts

  • collagen, carbohydrate–protein complexes, (GAG, proteoglycans, & glycoproteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe inorganic matter

A
  • 85% hydroxyapatite: crystallized Ca3(PO4)2 salt
  • 10% CaCO3
  • Other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

By dry weight, what proportions are organic and inorganic bone matrix?

A

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Minerals resist _____, collagen resists ______

A

Minerals resist COMPRESSION, collagen resists TENSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe rickets

A

Soft bones, defiency your of calcium salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease, lack of collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe osteon

A

Basic structural unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Osteons are made up of cylinders formed from layers (______) of matrix around _____ canal

osteocytes connected by tiny cell processes in _______

A

Osteons are made up of cylinders formed from layers (LAMELLAE) of matrix around CENTRAL canal

osteocytes connected by tiny cell processes in CANALICULI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is being demonstrated in each picture?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are perforating (Volkmann) canals?

A

vascular canals perpendicularly joining central canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe trabeculae

A

Thin plates of bones - spaces filled w/ red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do trabeculaes do and where do they develop?

A

Provides strength with minimal weight and develop along bone’s line of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Trabeculaes have…

A

Few osteons, no central canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

All osteocytes are…

A

Close to bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Amid trabeculae of spongy bone are…

A

Red marrow (myeloid tissue) and yellow marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is red marrow (myeloid tissue)?

A
  • hemopoietic tissue—produces blood cells; multiple tissues
  • in adults: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, heads of humerus & femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is yellow bone marrow in adults?

A
  • most red marrow in long bones becomes fatty yellow marrow
  • no longer produces blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe ossification (osteogenesis)

A

Bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What 2 methods does bone develop by in human fetuses and infants?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Intramembranous Ossification happens in…

A
  • Flat bones of skull & clavicle
  • Mesenchymal cells become osteogenic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

Bone develops from pre-existing model (perichondrium & hyaline cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do most bones develop?

A

From endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens during the formation of primary ossification center and marrow cavity in shaft of model?

A
  • bony collar developed by osteoblasts
  • chondrocytes swell & die
  • stem cells give rise to osteoblasts/clasts
  • bone laid down, marrow cavity created
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Secondary ossification centers and marrow cavities form in….

A

Form in ends of bones (same process as primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cartilage remains as…

A

Articular cartilage and epiphyseal (growth) plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do growth plates do?

A

Provides for increase in length of bone during childhood and adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

By early 20s, _______ is gone and primary & secondary __________ united

A

By early 20s, GROWTH PLATE is gone and primary & secondary MARROW CAVITIES united

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the zones of metaphysis?

A
  1. Zone of Reserve Cartilage
  2. Zone of Cell Proliferation
  3. Zone of Cell Hypertrophy
  4. Zone of Calcification
  5. Zone of Bone Deposition
46
Q

Bone increases in what when?

A

Bone increases in length in epiphyseal plate

47
Q

What is left behind when cartilage is gone?

A

Epiphyseal line

48
Q

Bone increases in ____ = ____ growth

Osteoblasts lay down ____ on_______ surface

osteoclasts _____ bone on ____ surface

parallel to surface, circumferential ________

A

Bone increases in WIDTH = APPOSITIONAL growth

Osteoblasts lay down MATRIX LAYERS on OUTER surface

osteoclasts DISSOLVE bone on INNER surface

parallel to surface, circumferential LAMELLAE

49
Q

What percentage of bones is remodeled throughout life each year?

A

10% each year

50
Q

Describe Wolf’s law of bone

A

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses

action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

51
Q

There is a greater density and mass of bone in…

A

Athletes or manual workers

52
Q

Describe achondroplastic dwarfism

A
  • long bones stop growing in childhood
  • normal torso, short limbs
53
Q

A failure of what in where is what causes achondroplastic dwarfism?

A

A failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis

54
Q

What type of mutation and allele causes achondroplastic dwarfism?

A

Spontaneous mutation and dominant allele

55
Q

Describe pituitary dwarfism

A

Lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature

56
Q

Describe mineral deposition (mineralization)

A

crystallization process; calcium phosphate (& other ions) taken from blood, deposited in bone tissue

(process of putting minerals into bones)

57
Q

During mineral deposition, what do osteoblasts produce?

A

Collagen fibers that spiral length of osteon

58
Q

What happens to fibers during mineral deposition?

A

Become entrusted with minerals & hardens matrix (calcium and phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

59
Q

What is the process for when concentration must reach critical value for crystal formation to occur?

A

Solubility product

60
Q

Where can abnormal calcification or ectopic ossification occur?

A

may occur in lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, or arteries (arteriosclerosis)

61
Q

Define calculus?

A

Calcified mass in otherwise soft organ (where it shouldn’t be and in large amounts)

62
Q

What is mineral resorption?

A

process of dissolving bone & releasing minerals into blood

63
Q

Mineral resorption is performed by…

A

performed by osteoclasts at ruffled border

64
Q

hydrogen pumps in membranes secrete H+ into space betw/ _______ & ________

(Cl- follow by _______ attraction)

HCl (pH 4) _______ bone minerals

acid phosphatase enzyme digests ______

A

hydrogen pumps in membranes secrete H+ into space betw/ OSTEOCLAST & BONE SURFACE

(Cl- follow by ELECTRICAL attraction)

HCl (pH 4) DISSOLVES bone minerals

acid phosphatase enzyme digests COLLAGEN

65
Q

What do orthodontic appliances (braces) do?

A

Reposition teeth

66
Q

tooth moves b/c ________ _______ bone ahead of tooth, where ______ on bone is greatest

________ slowly ______ bone in _______ zone behind tooth

A

tooth moves b/c OSTEOCLASTS DISSOLVE bone ahead of tooth, where PRESSURE on bone is greatest

OSTEOBLASTS slowly DEPOSIT bone in LOW-PRESSURE zone behind tooth

67
Q

Phosphate are components of…

A

DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids; in pH buffers

68
Q

Where is calcium needed?

A

needed in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, exocytosis

69
Q

What type of effect do changes in phosphate levels cause?

A

Little effect

70
Q

Changes in calcium can be…

A

Serious

71
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

w/ less Ca2+, Na+ channels _____ more easily, _____ cell & _____ neurons

A

Deficiency of blood calcium

w/ less Ca2+, Na+ channels OPEN more easily, ENTERS cell & EXCITES neurons

72
Q

What does hypocalcemia cause?

A

Excitability of nervous system

73
Q

Name examples of the excitability of the nervous system that hypocalcemia causes

A
  1. Muscle spasms, tremors, or letany
  2. Laryngospasm and suffocation
74
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Rare, excessive calcium in blood

75
Q

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by what 3 hormones?

A
  1. Calcitriol
  2. Calcitonin
  3. Parathyroid Hormone
76
Q

Describe calcitriol?

A

Form of vitamin D produced by sequential actions of skin, liver, & kidneys

77
Q
  • _____ keratinocytes use UV radiation to convert ______ to previtamin D3
  • liver converts to _________
  • _______ convert to calcitriol (most active form of vitamin D)
A

EPIDERMAL keratinocytes use UV radiation to convert STEROID to previtamin D3

liver converts to CALCIDIOL

KIDNEY convert to calcitriol (most active form of vitamin D)

78
Q

What is the most active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

79
Q

Calcitriol behaves as a hormone that raises _______ concentration

increases Ca2+ absorption by _______

increases Ca2+ resorption from _______

promotes kidney _______ of calcium ions, so less lost in ______

A

Calcitriol behaves as a hormone that raises BLOOD CALCIUM concentration

increases Ca2+ absorption by SMALL INTESTINE

increases Ca2+ resorption from SKELETON

promotes kidney REABSORPTION of calcium ions, so less lost in URINE

80
Q

lack of ________: softness of bones in children (_______) or adults (________)

A

lack of VITAMIN D: softness of bones in children (RICKETS) or adults (OSTEOMALACIA)

81
Q

Calcitonin is ______ by C (clear) cells of ________when _______ concentration rises too ______

A

Calcitonin is SECRETED by C (clear) cells of THYROID GLAND when CALCIUM concentration rises too HIGH

82
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

lowers blood calcium concentration

83
Q

With calcitonin,

_________, reduce activity by up to 70%

less Ca2+ ________ from bones

__________; increase # & activity (deposits Ca2+ into _______)

A

With calcitonin,

OSTEOCLAST INHIBITION, reduce activity by up to 70%

less Ca2+ LIBERATED from bones

OSTEOBLAST STIMULATION; increase # & activity (deposits Ca2+ into SKELETON)

84
Q

Calcitonin is

important in ______, weak effect in ______

________ more active in children

______ does not cause disease in adults

reduces bone loss in _______

A

Calcitonin is

important in CHILDREN, weak effect in ADULTS

OSTEOCLASTS more active in children

DEFICIENCY does not cause disease in adults

reduces bone loss in OSTEOPOROSIS

85
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

_______ by parathyroid glands on _______ surface of thyroid gland

PTH released w/ ____________ levels

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

SECRETED by parathyroid glands on POSTERIOR surface of thyroid gland

PTH released w/ LOW CALCIUM BLOOD levels

86
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Raises blood calcium level

87
Q

With PTH,

causes ________ to release factor RANKL – increase _______ population

promotes Ca2+ ________ by kidneys

promotes _________ in kidneys

inhibits _________ & __________ by osteoblasts

A

With PTH,

causes OSTEOBLASTS to release factor RANKL – increase OSTEOCLAST population

promotes Ca2+ REABSORPTION by kidneys

promotes CALCITRIOL SYNTHESIS in kidneys

inhibits COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS & BONE DEPOSITION by osteoblasts

88
Q

Describe what calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH do

A

Calcitriol - raises blood calcium concentration

Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium concentration

PTH- raises blood calcium levels

89
Q

What other factors affect bone?

A

Hormones, vitamins, and growth factors

90
Q

bone growth rapid in puberty & adolescence

surges of GH, estrogen, & testosterone occur; promote ________

stimulate osteogenic cells, matrix deposition by ________ & ________ in metaphyses

girls grow _____

boys grow _____

A

bone growth rapid in puberty & adolescence

surges of GH, estrogen, & testosterone occur; promote OSSIFICATION

stimulate osteogenic cells, matrix deposition by OSTEOBLASTS & CHONDROCYTES in metaphyses

girls grow FASTER

boys grow LONGER

91
Q

What causes growth to stop and how?

A
  • anabolic steroids cause growth to stop
  • epiphyseal plate “closes” prematurely
  • short adult stature
92
Q

What was orthopedics originally?

A

originally treatment of skeletal deformities in children

93
Q

What is orthopedics now?

A

prevention & correction of injuries & disorders of bones, joints, & muscles

94
Q

What does orthopedics include?

A

includes design of artificial joints & limbs, treatment of athletic injuries

95
Q

What are stress fractures? Give example

A

caused by abnormal trauma

Ex) falls, athletics, military combat, car accidents

96
Q

What are pathological fractures? Give examples

A

break in bone weakened by disease

Ex) bone cancer or osteoporosis

97
Q

How are fractures classified?

______ in skin?

multiple _____?

A

By structural characteristics

BREAK in skin?

multiple PIECES?

98
Q

Name 4 types of bone fractures

A
  1. Nondisplaced
  2. Displaced
  3. Comminuted
  4. Greenstick
99
Q

What are the 4 stages of healing of fractures?

A

Hematoma Formation –> Soft Callus Formation –> Hard Callus Formation –> Remodeling

100
Q

What’s the difference between a closed reduction and an open reduction?

A

Closed reduction - no surgery (cast to heal)

Open reduction - surgical exposure of bone - use of plates, screws, or pints to realign fragments

101
Q
A
102
Q

Name and describe the most common bone disease

A

Osteoporosis - severe loss of bone density

103
Q

What happens when you have osteoporosis?

Bones lose ____, become ______

affects ______ bone

subject to _____________of hip, wrist, vertebral column

A

Bones lose MASS, become BRITTLE

affects SPONGY bone

subject to PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES of hip, wrist, vertebral column

104
Q

What is the correct term for a widow’s hump? Define it.

A

Kyphosis - deformity of spine to due to vertebral bone loss

105
Q

In osteoporosis, _________ maintains density in both sexes; inhibits ________ by osteoclasts

in women, rapid _______ after menopause since ovaries cease to secrete estrogen

A

In osteoporosis, ESTROGEN maintains density in both sexes; inhibits RESORPTION by osteoclasts

in women, rapid BONE LOSS after menopause since ovaries cease to secrete estrogen

106
Q

Osteoporosis

Can occur in young female ________ w/ low _______ (might stop ovulating)

______ estrogen low

A

Osteoporosis

Can occur in young female ATHLETES w/ low BODY FAT (might stop ovulating)

OVARIAN estrogen low

107
Q

¼ of women will have _______ due to osteoporosis by age ____________

A

¼ of women will have FRACTURE due to osteoporosis by age 70

108
Q

What population has the greatest risk for osteoporosis?

begin to lose _______ as early as age ___

by age ____, average loss is ____% of bone mass

risk factors: race, age, gender, smoking, diabetes, calcium-poor diet, protein, vitamins ___ & __

A

Postmenopausal white women

begin to lose BONE MASS as early as age 35

by age 70, average loss is 30% of bone mass

risk factors: race, age, gender, smoking, diabetes, calcium-poor diet, protein, vitamins C & D

109
Q

What can be used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)

110
Q

What does Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) do? And what drugs are they?

A

slows bone resorption, but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, heart disease

drugs: Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel, Reclast

111
Q

How do ERT work?

A

By preventing you from getting worse

112
Q

What is the best treatment for osteoporosis?

A

Prevention — exercise and good bone-building diet between ages 25-40

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions