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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch7 Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Ch7 Bone Tissue Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What is osseus (bone) tissue?

A

connective tissue w/ matrix hardened by minerals: Ca3(PO4)2

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2
Q

Individual bones =

A

bone tissue, marrow, blood, cartilage & periosteum

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3
Q

Individual bones:

continually ____ itself

strong, flexible ____ of body

A

continually REMODELS itself

strong, flexible FRAMEWORK of body

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4
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Forerunner of most bones, present in joints

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5
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Connect bones at joints

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
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7
Q

What is electrolyte balance composed of?

A

Calcium & phosphate ions

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8
Q

What does an acid-based balance do?

A

Buffers blood against pH changes

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9
Q

What is blood formation comprised of?

A

Red bone marrow - produces blood cells

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10
Q

Describe the different types of bones

A
  • Long bones - levers acted upon by muscles
  • Short bones - glide across one another
  • Flat bones - protect soft organs
  • Irregular bones - elaborate shapes
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11
Q

What are the general features of the long bone?

A
  • Epiphyses & diaphysis
  • Compact & spongy bone
  • Marrow cavity
  • Articular cartilage
  • Periosteum
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12
Q

What are the general features of the flat bone?

A

2 layers of compact bone enclose middle layer of spongy bone

-both surfaces of flat bone covered with periosteum

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13
Q

Describe diploe

A

spongy layer in cranium

  • absorbs shock
  • marrow spaces lined w/ endosteum
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14
Q

What are the 4 principal types of bone cells?

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
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15
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone-dissolving cells on bone surface

  • develop from same bone marrow stem cells as blood cells (diff from other bone cells)
  • large cells formed from fusion of stem cells
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16
Q

Bone matrix is comprised of

A

Organic and inorganic matter

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17
Q

What does the combination of organic and inorganic matter do?

A

Provides strength + resilience

(minerals resist compression, collagen resists tension”

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18
Q

Describe organic matter

A

synthesized by osteoblasts

  • collagen, carbohydrate–protein complexes, (GAG, proteoglycans, & glycoproteins)
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19
Q

Describe inorganic matter

A
  • 85% hydroxyapatite: crystallized Ca3(PO4)2 salt
  • 10% CaCO3
  • Other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)
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20
Q

By dry weight, what proportions are organic and inorganic bone matrix?

A

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic

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21
Q

Minerals resist _____, collagen resists ______

A

Minerals resist COMPRESSION, collagen resists TENSION

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22
Q

Describe rickets

A

Soft bones, defiency your of calcium salts

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23
Q

Define osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease, lack of collagen

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24
Q

Describe osteon

A

Basic structural unit

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25
Osteons are made up of cylinders formed from layers (\_\_\_\_\_\_) of matrix around _____ canal osteocytes connected by tiny cell processes in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Osteons are made up of cylinders formed from layers (LAMELLAE) of matrix around CENTRAL canal osteocytes connected by tiny cell processes in CANALICULI
26
What is being demonstrated in each picture?
27
What are perforating (Volkmann) canals?
vascular canals perpendicularly joining central canals
28
Describe trabeculae
Thin plates of bones - spaces filled w/ red bone marrow
29
What do trabeculaes do and where do they develop?
Provides strength with minimal weight and develop along bone's line of stress
30
Trabeculaes have...
Few osteons, no central canals
31
All osteocytes are...
Close to bone marrow
32
Amid trabeculae of spongy bone are...
Red marrow (myeloid tissue) and yellow marrow
33
What is red marrow (myeloid tissue)?
* hemopoietic tissue—produces blood cells; multiple tissues * in adults: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, heads of humerus & femur
34
What is yellow bone marrow in adults?
* most red marrow in long bones becomes fatty yellow marrow * no longer produces blood
35
Describe ossification (osteogenesis)
Bone formation
36
What 2 methods does bone develop by in human fetuses and infants?
* Intramembranous ossification * Endochondral ossification
37
Intramembranous Ossification happens in...
* Flat bones of skull & clavicle * Mesenchymal cells become osteogenic cells
38
Describe endochondral ossification
Bone develops from pre-existing model (perichondrium & hyaline cartilage)
39
How do most bones develop?
From endochondral ossification
40
What happens during the formation of primary ossification center and marrow cavity in shaft of model?
* bony collar developed by osteoblasts * chondrocytes swell & die * stem cells give rise to osteoblasts/clasts * bone laid down, marrow cavity created
41
Secondary ossification centers and marrow cavities form in....
Form in ends of bones (same process as primary)
42
Cartilage remains as...
Articular cartilage and epiphyseal (growth) plates
43
What do growth plates do?
Provides for increase in length of bone during childhood and adolescence
44
By early 20s, _______ is gone and primary & secondary __________ united
By early 20s, GROWTH PLATE is gone and primary & secondary MARROW CAVITIES united
45
What are the zones of metaphysis?
1. Zone of Reserve Cartilage 2. Zone of Cell Proliferation 3. Zone of Cell Hypertrophy 4. Zone of Calcification 5. Zone of Bone Deposition
46
Bone increases in what when?
Bone increases in length in epiphyseal plate
47
What is left behind when cartilage is gone?
Epiphyseal line
48
Bone increases in ____ = ____ growth Osteoblasts lay down ____ on\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ surface osteoclasts _____ bone on ____ surface parallel to surface, circumferential \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bone increases in WIDTH = APPOSITIONAL growth Osteoblasts lay down MATRIX LAYERS on OUTER surface osteoclasts DISSOLVE bone on INNER surface parallel to surface, circumferential LAMELLAE
49
What percentage of bones is remodeled throughout life each year?
10% each year
50
Describe Wolf's law of bone
architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
51
There is a greater density and mass of bone in...
Athletes or manual workers
52
Describe achondroplastic dwarfism
* long bones stop growing in childhood * normal torso, short limbs
53
A failure of what in where is what causes achondroplastic dwarfism?
A failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis
54
What type of mutation and allele causes achondroplastic dwarfism?
Spontaneous mutation and dominant allele
55
Describe pituitary dwarfism
Lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature
56
Describe mineral deposition (mineralization)
crystallization process; calcium phosphate (& other ions) taken from blood, deposited in bone tissue (process of putting minerals into bones)
57
During mineral deposition, what do osteoblasts produce?
Collagen fibers that spiral length of osteon
58
What happens to fibers during mineral deposition?
Become entrusted with minerals & hardens matrix (calcium and phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
59
What is the process for when concentration must reach critical value for crystal formation to occur?
Solubility product
60
Where can abnormal calcification or ectopic ossification occur?
may occur in lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, or arteries (arteriosclerosis)
61
Define calculus?
Calcified mass in otherwise soft organ (where it shouldn't be and in large amounts)
62
What is mineral resorption?
process of dissolving bone & releasing minerals into blood
63
Mineral resorption is performed by...
performed by osteoclasts at ruffled border
64
hydrogen pumps in membranes secrete H+ into space betw/ _______ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Cl- follow by _______ attraction) HCl (pH 4) _______ bone minerals acid phosphatase enzyme digests \_\_\_\_\_\_
hydrogen pumps in membranes secrete H+ into space betw/ OSTEOCLAST & BONE SURFACE (Cl- follow by ELECTRICAL attraction) HCl (pH 4) DISSOLVES bone minerals acid phosphatase enzyme digests COLLAGEN
65
What do orthodontic appliances (braces) do?
Reposition teeth
66
tooth moves b/c ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone ahead of tooth, where ______ on bone is greatest \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ slowly ______ bone in _______ zone behind tooth
tooth moves b/c OSTEOCLASTS DISSOLVE bone ahead of tooth, where PRESSURE on bone is greatest OSTEOBLASTS slowly DEPOSIT bone in LOW-PRESSURE zone behind tooth
67
Phosphate are components of...
DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids; in pH buffers
68
Where is calcium needed?
needed in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, exocytosis
69
What type of effect do changes in phosphate levels cause?
Little effect
70
Changes in calcium can be...
Serious
71
What is hypocalcemia? w/ less Ca2+, Na+ channels _____ more easily, _____ cell & _____ neurons
Deficiency of blood calcium w/ less Ca2+, Na+ channels OPEN more easily, ENTERS cell & EXCITES neurons
72
What does hypocalcemia cause?
Excitability of nervous system
73
Name examples of the excitability of the nervous system that hypocalcemia causes
1. Muscle spasms, tremors, or letany 2. Laryngospasm and suffocation
74
What is hypocalcemia?
Rare, excessive calcium in blood
75
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by what 3 hormones?
1. Calcitriol 2. Calcitonin 3. Parathyroid Hormone
76
Describe calcitriol?
Form of vitamin D produced by sequential actions of skin, liver, & kidneys
77
* _____ keratinocytes use UV radiation to convert ______ to previtamin D3 * liver converts to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * _______ convert to calcitriol (most active form of vitamin D)
EPIDERMAL keratinocytes use UV radiation to convert STEROID to previtamin D3 liver converts to CALCIDIOL KIDNEY convert to calcitriol (most active form of vitamin D)
78
What is the most active form of vitamin D?
Calcitriol
79
Calcitriol behaves as a hormone that raises _______ concentration increases Ca2+ absorption by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ increases Ca2+ resorption from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ promotes kidney _______ of calcium ions, so less lost in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Calcitriol behaves as a hormone that raises BLOOD CALCIUM concentration increases Ca2+ absorption by SMALL INTESTINE increases Ca2+ resorption from SKELETON promotes kidney REABSORPTION of calcium ions, so less lost in URINE
80
lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: softness of bones in children (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) or adults (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
lack of VITAMIN D: softness of bones in children (RICKETS) or adults (OSTEOMALACIA)
81
Calcitonin is ______ by C (clear) cells of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_when _______ concentration rises too \_\_\_\_\_\_
Calcitonin is SECRETED by C (clear) cells of THYROID GLAND when CALCIUM concentration rises too HIGH
82
What does calcitonin do?
lowers blood calcium concentration
83
With calcitonin, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, reduce activity by up to 70% less Ca2+ ________ from bones \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; increase # & activity (deposits Ca2+ into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
With calcitonin, OSTEOCLAST INHIBITION, reduce activity by up to 70% less Ca2+ LIBERATED from bones OSTEOBLAST STIMULATION; increase # & activity (deposits Ca2+ into SKELETON)
84
Calcitonin is important in \_\_\_\_\_\_, weak effect in \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ more active in children \_\_\_\_\_\_ does not cause disease in adults reduces bone loss in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Calcitonin is important in CHILDREN, weak effect in ADULTS OSTEOCLASTS more active in children DEFICIENCY does not cause disease in adults reduces bone loss in OSTEOPOROSIS
85
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by parathyroid glands on _______ surface of thyroid gland PTH released w/ ____________ levels
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) SECRETED by parathyroid glands on POSTERIOR surface of thyroid gland PTH released w/ LOW CALCIUM BLOOD levels
86
What does PTH do?
Raises blood calcium level
87
With PTH, causes ________ to release factor RANKL – increase _______ population promotes Ca2+ ________ by kidneys promotes _________ in kidneys inhibits _________ & __________ by osteoblasts
With PTH, causes OSTEOBLASTS to release factor RANKL – increase OSTEOCLAST population promotes Ca2+ REABSORPTION by kidneys promotes CALCITRIOL SYNTHESIS in kidneys inhibits COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS & BONE DEPOSITION by osteoblasts
88
Describe what calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH do
Calcitriol - raises blood calcium concentration Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium concentration PTH- raises blood calcium levels
89
What other factors affect bone?
Hormones, vitamins, and growth factors
90
bone growth rapid in puberty & adolescence surges of GH, estrogen, & testosterone occur; promote \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulate osteogenic cells, matrix deposition by ________ & ________ in metaphyses girls grow \_\_\_\_\_ boys grow \_\_\_\_\_
bone growth rapid in puberty & adolescence surges of GH, estrogen, & testosterone occur; promote OSSIFICATION stimulate osteogenic cells, matrix deposition by OSTEOBLASTS & CHONDROCYTES in metaphyses girls grow FASTER boys grow LONGER
91
What causes growth to stop and how?
* anabolic steroids cause growth to stop * epiphyseal plate “closes” prematurely * short adult stature
92
What was orthopedics originally?
originally treatment of skeletal deformities in children
93
What is orthopedics now?
prevention & correction of injuries & disorders of bones, joints, & muscles
94
What does orthopedics include?
includes design of artificial joints & limbs, treatment of athletic injuries
95
What are stress fractures? Give example
caused by abnormal trauma Ex) falls, athletics, military combat, car accidents
96
What are pathological fractures? Give examples
break in bone weakened by disease Ex) bone cancer or osteoporosis
97
How are fractures classified? \_\_\_\_\_\_ in skin? multiple \_\_\_\_\_?
By structural characteristics BREAK in skin? multiple PIECES?
98
Name 4 types of bone fractures
1. Nondisplaced 2. Displaced 3. Comminuted 4. Greenstick
99
What are the 4 stages of healing of fractures?
Hematoma Formation --\> Soft Callus Formation --\> Hard Callus Formation --\> Remodeling
100
What's the difference between a closed reduction and an open reduction?
Closed reduction - no surgery (cast to heal) Open reduction - surgical exposure of bone - use of plates, screws, or pints to realign fragments
101
102
Name and describe the most common bone disease
Osteoporosis - severe loss of bone density
103
What happens when you have osteoporosis? Bones lose \_\_\_\_, become \_\_\_\_\_\_ affects ______ bone subject to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of hip, wrist, vertebral column
Bones lose MASS, become BRITTLE affects SPONGY bone subject to PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES of hip, wrist, vertebral column
104
What is the correct term for a widow's hump? Define it.
Kyphosis - deformity of spine to due to vertebral bone loss
105
In osteoporosis, _________ maintains density in both sexes; inhibits ________ by osteoclasts in women, rapid _______ after menopause since ovaries cease to secrete estrogen
In osteoporosis, ESTROGEN maintains density in both sexes; inhibits RESORPTION by osteoclasts in women, rapid BONE LOSS after menopause since ovaries cease to secrete estrogen
106
Osteoporosis Can occur in young female ________ w/ low _______ (might stop ovulating) \_\_\_\_\_\_ estrogen low
Osteoporosis Can occur in young female ATHLETES w/ low BODY FAT (might stop ovulating) OVARIAN estrogen low
107
¼ of women will have _______ due to osteoporosis by age \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
¼ of women will have FRACTURE due to osteoporosis by age 70
108
What population has the greatest risk for osteoporosis? begin to lose _______ as early as age \_\_\_ by age \_\_\_\_, average loss is \_\_\_\_% of bone mass risk factors: race, age, gender, smoking, diabetes, calcium-poor diet, protein, vitamins ___ & \_\_
Postmenopausal white women begin to lose BONE MASS as early as age 35 by age 70, average loss is 30% of bone mass risk factors: race, age, gender, smoking, diabetes, calcium-poor diet, protein, vitamins C & D
109
What can be used to treat osteoporosis?
Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)
110
What does Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) do? And what drugs are they?
slows bone resorption, but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, heart disease drugs: Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel, Reclast
111
How do ERT work?
By preventing you from getting worse
112
What is the best treatment for osteoporosis?
Prevention --- exercise and good bone-building diet between ages 25-40

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