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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch9 Joints > Flashcards

Ch9 Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a joint (articulation)?

A

Point where 2 bones meet

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2
Q

Define arthrology

A

Science of joints

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3
Q

Define kinesiology

A

Study of musculoskeletal movement

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4
Q

How are joints classified?

A
  • How adjacent bones are bound (anatomy)
  • How freely bones can move (physiology)
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5
Q

What are the 4 major joint categories (anatomy)?

A
  • Bony joints
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
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6
Q

Define bony joints

A

Gap between 2 bone ossifies, bone becomes (in effect) single bone

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7
Q

What’s an example of bony joints?

A

Frontal and mandibular bones in infants

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8
Q

What is the physiology of bony joints?

A

Synostosis- immovable joint

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9
Q

Fibrous joints are bound by…

A

Collagen fibers

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of collagen fibers fibrous joints are bound by?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphoses
  3. Syndesmoses
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11
Q

Collagen fiber sutures bind bones of…

A

Skull

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12
Q

Collagen fiber gomphoses bind ___ and is held by ______ which allows _____.

A

Collagen fiber gomphoses bind TOOTH IN SOCKET and is held by FIBROUS PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT which allows TOOTH TO MOVE A LITTLE UNDER STRESS OF CHEWING.

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13
Q

Collagen fiber syndesmoses is bound by ____ and has ____ collagen fibers so it has ______.

A

Collagen fiber syndesmoses is bound by TIBIA/FIBULA and has LONGER collagen fibers so it has A BIT MORE MOBILITY.

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14
Q

What is the physiology of fibrous joints?

A

Synarthroses- immovable or ever-so-slightly movable

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15
Q

Cartilaginous joints are bound by…

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Bound by: cartilage

Types= Synchondroses & Symphyses

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16
Q

Cartilaginous joint synchondroses is bound by…

A

Hyaline cartilage

  • first rib/sternum
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17
Q

Cartilaginous joint symphyses is bound by…

A

Fibrocartilage

  • intevertebral discs
  • pubic symphysis
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18
Q

What is the physiology of cartilaginous joints?

A

Physiology= mostly amphiarthroses- slightly moveable

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19
Q

Synovial joints are separated by…

most ____ type of joint

most ____ complex

What are examples?

A

Synovial joints are separated by: joint CAVITY

most FAMILAR type of joint

most STRUCTURALLY complex

Ex) knee, elbow, knuckle

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20
Q

Synovial joints

________ encloses joint cavity

  • continuous with ___________
  • lined by….
A

Synovial joints

ARTICULAR CAPSULE encloses joint cavity

  • continuous with PERIOSTEUM
  • lined by SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
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21
Q

Define synovial fluid

A

Slippery fluid; feeds cartilages

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22
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces

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23
Q

With synovial joints, explain what articular discs and menisci do and examples of them

A
  • Absorbs shock, guides bone movement, distributes forces
    ex) jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular, & knee joints
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24
Q

With synovial joints, explain what the bursae does and examples of them

A
  • Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over joints
    ex) fibrous sacs with synovial fluid, where tendon passes over bone
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25
With synovial joints, explain what tendon sheaths are and examples of them
* Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around tendon ex) in hand and foot
26
What is the physiology of synovial joints?
Physiology: diarthroses - freely movable joint
27
What is a lever?
Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around fixed point called fulcrum
28
When does the rotation (around fixed point (fulcrum) occur?
Rotation occurs when effort applied overcomes resistance (load) at other point
29
Long bones are levers to...
Levers to enhance speed or power of limb movements
30
What is mechanical advantage?
Ratio of its output force to its input force
31
How do you calculate MA?
Length of effort arm divided by length of resistance arm
32
A lever can confer MA in what 2 ways?
1. Exert more force against resisting object than force applied to lever 2. Move resisting object further or faster than effort arm is moved
33
MA \> 1.0
Lever produces more force, but less speed and distance, than force exerted on it
34
# MA \< 1.0 MA \< 1.0
Lever produces more speed or distance, but less force than input
35
What are the different types of levers?
1. First-class lever 2. Second-class lever 3. Third-class lever
36
First-class lever * ______ in middle, between _____ and ______ (RFE) * ___________ joint lies between ________ on back of _____ and _______ of face * Loss of _________ occurs when you nod off in class
First-class lever * FULCRUM in middle, between EFFORT and RESISTANCE (RFE) * ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL joint lies between MUSCLES on back of NECK and WEIGHT of face * Loss of MUSCLE TONE occurs when you nod off in class
37
Second-class lever * Resistance between _____ and _____ (ERF) * Bouncy baby on lap: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_= hip joint, effort just below the knee where quads insert, _____ on femur= baby
Second-class lever * Resistance between FULCRUM and EFFORT (ERF) * Bouncy baby on lap: FULCRUM= hip joint, effort just below the knee where quads insert, RESISTANCE on femur= baby
38
Third-class lever * Effort between ______ and ______ (REF) * Most joints of \_\_\_\_\_ * _____ applied by biceps muscle to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand + forearm (\_\_\_\_\_ flexion)
Third-class lever * Effort between RESISTANCE and FULCRUM (REF) * Most joints of BODY * EFFORT applied by biceps muscle to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand + forearm (ELBOW flexion)
39
Define range of motion (ROM)
Degree through which joint can move
40
ROM is determined by…
* Structure of articular surfaces * Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules * Action of muscles and tendons
41
Axes of rotation \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has relatively stationary __________ that passes through _______ in direction ______ to plane of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Axes of rotation MOVING BONE has relatively stationary AXIS OF ROTATION that passes through BONE in direction PERPENDICULAR to plane of MOVEMENT
42
Axes of rotation Define multiaxial joint
Shoulder joint has 3 axes of rotation (degrees of freedom)
43
44
# Define: * Flexion * Extension * Hyperextension
* Flexion: decreases joint angle * Extension: straightens joint; usually returns body part to zero position * Hyperextension: further extension of joint beyond zero position
45
Describe the temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)
* Articulation of condyle of mandible with mandibular fossa (temporal bone) * 2 chambers in cavity allow lateral/medial excursion
46
Jaw Joint What supports jaw joint and what cause dislocation of TMJ?
* 2 ligaments support jaw joint * Deep yawn or strenuous depression can dislocate TMJ
47
The glenohumeral joint is also known as…
Humeroscapular joint
48
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint is the… * Most _______ joint * Sacrifice \_\_\_\_\_\_ Supported by… * ______ of biceps _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * various \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint is the… * Most FREELY MOVABLE joint * Sacrifice STABILITY Supported by… * TENDONS of biceps BRACHII and ROTATOR CUFF * various LIGAMENTS
49
Shoulder Dislocation * occurs when… * are…
* occurs when arm abducted, receives blow from above * are painful
50
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
51
What is the most common shoulder dislocation?
Downward displacement of humerus
52
The hip joint is also knows as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * It’s the head of ________ into _______ of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * It bears \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, has ________ and more ______ than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The hip joint is also knows as the COXAL. * It’s the head of FEMUR into ACETABULUM of PELVIS * It bears MORE WEIGHT, has DEEPER SOCKETS and more STABLE than SHOULDER
53
The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the… * It is the _____ and most __________ of body * It is primarily a ______ joint * Can _______ & _______ when knee flexed
The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the… KNEE JOINT * It is the LARGEST and most COMPLEX DIARTHROSIS of body * It is primarily a HINGE joint * Can SLIGHTLY ROTATE & LATERALLY GLIDE when knee flexed
54
Knee Joint * Joint cavity contains __________ cartilages (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _________ meniscus) * The _________ and ________ meniscus absorbs _______ on knee * Prevents _______ from rocking __________ on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Joined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Knee Joint * Joint cavity contains 2 C-SHAPED cartilages (LATERAL and MEDIAL meniscus) * The LATERAL and MEDIAL meniscus absorbs SHOCK on knee * Prevents FEMUR from rocking SIDE TO SIDE on TIBIA * Joined by TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
55
The elbow joint is composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * humeroulnar joint= * humeroradial joint=
The elbow joint is composed of 2 ARTICULATIONS * humeroulnar joint= HINGE * humeroradial joint= PIVOT
56
Knee Joint * Popliteal region is supported by __________ ligaments external to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * _________ (lateral) _______ ligament and * ______ (medial) ______ ligament * Prevents knee from ________ when joint \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Knee Joint * Popliteal region is supported by EXTRACAPSULAR ligaments external to JOINT CAPSULE * FIBULAR (lateral) COLLATERAL ligament and * TIBIA (medial) COLLATERAL ligament * Prevents knee from ROTATING when joint EXTENDED
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58
Knee Joint * 2 deep ___________ ligaments - ______ to form “X” * ____________ ligament (ACL) - prevents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * ____________ ligament (PCL) - prevents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Knee Joint * 2 deep INTRACAPSULAR ligaments - CROSS to form “X” * ANTERIOR CRUCIATE ligament (ACL) - prevents HYPEREXTENSION * POSTERIOR CRUCIATE ligament (PCL) - prevents FEMUR FROM SLIDING OFF TIBIA
59
Knee Injuries * Highly _______ to ___________ and ________ stress * Most common injuries: ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Heals ________ due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Knee Injuries * Highly VULNERABLE to ROTATIONAL and HORIZONTAL stress * Most common injuries: MENISCUS and ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) * Heals SLOWLY due to SCANT BLOOD FLOW
60
Define arthritis
Broad term for pain/inflammation of joint
61
Osteoarthritis (OA)- _______ form of arthritis * ”\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_” - years of joint wear * __________ softens and degenerates * Crackling sounds called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * ________ develop on ________ tissue causing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Osteoarthritis (OA)- MOST COMMON form of arthritis * ”WEAR AND TEAR ARTHRITIS” - years of joint wear * ARTICULAR CARTILAGE softens and degenerates * Crackling sounds called CREPITUS * BONE SPURS develop on EXPOSED BONE tissue causing PAIN
62
* Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - ___________ against joint \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * ____________ antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack ___________ membrane, enzymes in _________ fluid degrade \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, joint begins to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Ankylosis - solidly \_\_\_\_\_\_, _________ joint ........ __________ occur, _______ and _______ control \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Arthroplasty- replacement of __________ joint with __________ device called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK against joint TISSUES * MISGUIDED antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack SYNOVIAL membrane, enzymes in SYNOVIAL fluid degrade ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, joint begins to OSSIFY * Ankylosis - solidly FUSED, IMMOBILIZED joint ........ REMISSIONS occur, STEROIDS and ASPIRIN control INFLAMMATION * Arthroplasty- replacement of DISEASED joint with ARTIFICIAL device called PROSTHESIS
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Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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