Ch8 Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the surface features of bones?

Answer 1

1. Alveolus
2. Condyle
3. Crest
4. Foramen
5. Lines
6. Meatus
7. Process
8. Sinuses
9. Spine

Question 2

Define alveolus

Answer 2

Pit or socket

Question 3

Define condyle

Answer 3

Rounded knob, articulates with another bone

Question 4

Define crest

Answer 4

Narrow ridge

Question 5

Define foramen

Answer 5

Hole through bone

Question 6

Define lines

Answer 6

Slightly raised elongated ridge

Question 7

Define meatus

Answer 7

Opening into canal

Question 8

Define process

Answer 8

Any bony prominence

Question 9

Define sinuses

Answer 9

Air filled space in bone

Question 10

Define spine

Answer 10

Sharp narrow process

Question 11

What is a fossa?

Answer 11

Shallow, broad, or elongated basin

Question 12

What are other surface of the bones? (6)

Answer 12

1. Trochanter
2. Tubercle
3. Tuberosity
4. Fovea
5. Epicondyle
6. Head

Question 13

What is the axial skeleton comprised of?

Answer 13

Skull, vertibrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

Question 14

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of?

Answer 14

Pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities

Question 15

What are the 4 sections of the skeleton?

Answer 15

1. Skull
2. Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
3. Pectoral Girdle
4. Pelvic Girdle

Question 16

What does the skull do?

Answer 16

Protect brain and sense organs

Question 17

What does the vertebral column do?

Answer 17

• support skull & trunk
• allow movement
• protect spinal cord
• absorb stress
• provide attachments for limbs & muscles

Question 18

What does the thoracic cage do?

Answer 18

protect heart & lungs

provide attachment for pectoral girdle & upper limbs

Question 19

What does the pectoral girdle do?

Answer 19

Attach arms

Question 20

What does the pelvic girdle do?

Answer 20

• supports trunk
• protects lower cavity (bladder, reproductive organs)
• attaches legs

Question 21

What are the 4 major skull cavities?

Answer 21

1. Nasal Cavity
2. Orbital with Orbital Fat Cavity
3. Oral Cavity
4. Cranial Cavity

Question 22

What sinus fills the maxillae bone?

Answer 22

Maxillary sinus

Question 23

What are the bones with sinuses?

Answer 23

1. Frontal (Frontal sinus)
2. Ethmoid (Ethmoid sinus)
3. Maxillae (Maxillary sinus)
4. Sphenoid (Sphenoid sinus)

Question 24

What are fontanels?

Answer 24

Spaces between unfused bones

Question 25

What are fontaneles filled with?

Answer 25

Fibrous membranes

Question 26

What do fontanels do?

Answer 26

Allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain

Question 27

2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 by...

Answer 27

2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 through metopic suture

Question 28

Skulls reach adult size by what age?

Answer 28

8 or 9

Question 29

There are 33 what in the vertebral column?

Answer 29

33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage

Question 30

What are the 5 vertebral groups and the number of vertibraes?

Answer 30

1. 7 cervical 2. 12 thoracic 3. 5 lumbar 4. 5 FUSED sacral 5. 4 FUSED coccygeal

Question 31

What are the first 2 cervical vertebraes and what do they allow?

Answer 31

Atlas and axis - allow for head movement

Question 32

What are intervertebral foramen?

Answer 32

* Notches between adjacent vertebraes * passage for nerves

Question 33

Intervertebral discs.... \_\_\_\_\_ vertebrae together \_\_\_\_ shock gelatinous _____________ surrounded by anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressures spinal nerve or cord

Answer 33

Intervertebral discs BIND vertebrae together ABSORB shock gelatinous NUCLEUS PULPOSUS surrounded by anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) HERNIATED DISC pressures spinal nerve or cord

Question 34

What is the sacrum?

Answer 34

The fusion of several separate sacral vertibraes

Question 35

Note the median sacral crest and sacral foramina

Answer 35

Question 36

What causes abnormal spinal curvatures?

Answer 36

disease, posture, paralysis or congenital defect

Question 37

Define scoliosis

Answer 37

lack of proper development of one vertebrae

Question 38

What can form from osteoporosis?

Answer 38

Hyperkyphosis

Question 39

What causes lordosis?

Answer 39

weak abdominal muscles

Question 40

Compare and contrast male and female pelvic girdles

Answer 40

Men: heavier, narrow subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet heart-shaped Female: lighter, wide subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet round or oval

Question 41

What are the only mammals that habitually bipedal?

Answer 41

Humans

Question 42

What are the skeletal adaptions for bipedalism? foot - arch, hallux - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_! knee - angle allows knees below center of gravity - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ shift in buttock muscles for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reduced curvature of spine - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reduced weight in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reduced _______________ size \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (positioning of head) more anterior/inferior less weight anterior to ____ condyle

Answer 42

foot - arch, hallux - PUSH OFF! knee - angle allows knees below center of gravity - ALLOWS KNEES TO LOCK shift in buttock muscles for EASY MOVEMENT reduced curvature of spine - SHIFT CENTER OF GRAVITY reduced weight in FRONT OF HEAD reduced FORELIMB size FORAMEN MAGNUM (positioning of head) more anterior/inferior less weight anterior to OCCIPITAL condyle