Ch2 Chemistry of Life Flashcards
The chemistry of life (137 cards)
1
Q
What is an element?
A
Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
2
Q
Atomic number of element is defined by…
A
of protons in its nucleus
3
Q
What is atomic mass?
A
Both protons + neutrons
4
Q
What does AMU stand for?
A
Atomic mass unit
5
Q
What type of charge do protons have?
A
Positive charge= 1 amu
6
Q
What type of charge does do neutrons have?
A
no charge, mass= 1amu
7
Q
What type of charge do electrons have?
A
Negative charge, negligible mass
8
Q
What is an isotope?
A
Atom with different number of neutrons
9
Q
What is a radioisotope?
A
Unstable isotope that gives off radiation
Ex) carbon 14 decays to carbon 12
10
Q
What does high energy radiation create and is it harmful?
A
Free radicals — harmful
11
Q
What are ions?
A
Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons
12
Q
What type of charge do ions have?
A
Electric
13
Q
What is ionization?
A
Transferring electrons from one atom to another — as a result, both are charged
14
Q
What is anion and what type of charge does it have?
A
Atom that gains electrons — negative charge
15
Q
What is a cation and what type of charge does it have?
A
Atom that loses electrons — positive charge
16
Q
Ions are ____ to each other, form ____ bond
A
Ions are ATTRACTED to each other, form IONIC bond
17
Q
What are electrolytes?
A
Salts that ionize in water
18
Q
What are electrolytes capable of conducting?
A
Electric current
19
Q
What are 3 reasons why electrolytes are important?
A
- Chemical reactivity
- Electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue
- Osmotic effects
20
Q
Muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma, and cardiac arrest are examples of…
A
Electrolyte imbalance
21
Q
What are free radicals?
A
Chemical particles with odd number of electrons
22
Q
What are free radicals produced by?
A
Normal metabolic reactions, radiation, and chemicals
23
Q
Free radicals can cause…
A
Tissue damage, cancer, aging
24
Q
What do antioxidants do?
A
Neutralizes free radicals
25
What are molecules?
Chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond
Ex) H2, 02, N2, glucose
26
What are compounds?
Molecules composed of 2 or more different elements
| Ex) h20, urea, glucose
27
All compounds are ____ but not all _____ are compounds
All compounds are MOLECULES but not all MOLECULES are compounds
28
What are chemical bonds?
Forces that hold molecules together
29
What are 4 types of chemical bonds?
1. Van deer Waals forces
2. Ionic bonds
3. Covalent bonds
4. Hydrogen bonds
30
Ionic bonds are an attraction of ___ to ____
Ionic bonds are an attraction of ANION to CATION
31
What is a single covalent bond?
One pair of electrons shared
32
What is a double covalent bond?
Two pairs of electrons shared
33
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
Electrons share equally
34
What is a polar covalent bond?
Electrons shared unequally
35
Between what molecules do you mostly see hyrdrogen bonds?
Water molecule
36
What are Van dear Waals forces?
Weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms
37
Van der Waals forces are X percent as strong as covalent bonds..
1%
38
What are isomers?
Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangement of their atoms
39
What are mixtures?
Substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined
40
Most mixtures in our bodies are…
Chemicals dissolved or suspended in water
41
What 5 things make water unique and able to support life?
1. Adhesion
2. Cohesion
3. Chemical reactivity
4. Thermal stability
5. Solvency
42
What is solvency?
Ability to dissolve other chemicals
43
What is a “universal solvent”?
Water
44
Virtually all metabolic reactions depend on solvency of…
WATER
45
What is hydrophllic?
“Water- loving” dissolves well in water
| Ex) salt & water
46
What is hydrophobic?
“Water-hating” - doesn’t dissolve well in water
| Ex) oil
47
What is adhesion?
Tendency of one substance to cling onto another ; body membranes
Ex) pleurae)
48
What is cohesion?
Tendency of like-molecules to cling to each other
| Ex) surface tension
49
What is chemical reactivity?
Ability to participate in chemical reactions
50
Water ___ other chemicals (acids & salts)
Water IONIZES other chemicals (acids& salt)
51
What 2 type of reactions is water involved in?
Hydrolysis and dehydration
52
What does thermal stability do?
Help stabilize internal temperature of body
53
___ ____ is an effective coolant
Thermal stability is an effective coolant
54
Weight of solute in given volume of solution is called…
Ex) IV saline = 8.5g/L NaCl
Weight per volume
55
What is weight or volume of solute in solution expressed as?
Ex) g per 100ml
5g dextrose in 100ml solution= 5% dextrose
Percentage
56
Define molarity
of moles of solute per liter in solution
57
Physiologic effects of chemical based on _________ in solution, not weight
Physiologic effects of chemical based on NUMBER OF MOLECULES in solution, not weight
58
What is a mole?
Set number of molecules (Avogadro’s number)
59
6.023 x 10 23rd power molecules is equal to
1 mole
60
Molecular weight of compound is…
The sum of atomic weights of its atoms
61
Calculate MW of glucose
(C6H12O6)
C6=12amu
H1=1amu
O6=16amu
6 C atoms X 12 amu each =72amu
12 H atoms x 1 amu each=12 amu
6 O atoms x 16amu each= 96
72+12+96=180amu
180g of glucose has Avogadro’s number of molecules= 1 mole glucose
Molarity= moles per liter of solution
1M solution of glucose = 180g glucose in 1 L water
62
What is preferred in biological solutions, percentage or molar?
Molar
63
```
In percentage
# of molecules is ____ & weight of solute is _____
```
```
In percentage,
# of molecules is unequal & weight of solute is equal
```
64
```
In molar,
# of molecules is ____ & weight of solute is ____
```
```
In molar,
# of molecules is equal & weight of solute is unequal
```
65
What term is used to define the concentration of electrolytes?
Equivalents
66
Some water molecules break into…
Ions
67
Acids are…
Proton donors
68
Base are…
Proton acceptors
69
Molarity of hydrogen ions determines…
pH
70
What is a neutral pH?
7 (H+ = OH-)
71
What is an acidic pH?
<7 (H+ > OH-)
72
What’s a basic pH?
>7 (OH- > H+)
73
pH is the measurement of the ___ of H+ (hydrogen ions)
pH is the measurement of the MOLARITY of the H+ (hydrogen ions)
74
What helps resist changes in pH?
Buffers
75
Slight pH ____ can disrupt physiological functions
Slight pH DISTURBANCES can disrupt physiological functions
76
The pH of blood ranges from…
7.35-7.45
77
Deviations from what can cause tremors, paralysis and even death?
pH
78
What is the process in which covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken?
Chemical reaction
79
In a chemical equation, what is on the left and on the right?
Reactants on left, products on right
80
Large molecules breaking down into 2 or more smaller ones is what type of chemical reaction?
Decomposition reaction
81
How is a decomposition equation written?
AB —> A+B
82
2 or more small molecules combining to form a larger one is what type of chemical reaction?
Synthesis reaction
83
How would a synthesis reaction be written?
A+B —> AB
84
2 molecules exchanging atoms or a group of atoms is is…
Exchange chemical reaction
85
How is an exchange reaction written?
AB + CD —> ABCD —> AC + BD
86
What type of chemical reaction can go either way?
Reversible reactions
CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 —> HCO3- + H+
87
Concentration, temperature, catalysts, and enzymes affect what type of rates?
Reaction rates
88
What’s the most important biological catalyst?
Enzymes
89
What is metabolism?
Chemical reactions of the body
90
What is catabolism?
Energy- releasing (exergonic) decomposition
| -breaks covalent bonds and produces smaller molecules
91
What is anabolism?
Energy-storing (endergonic) reaction
- requires energy input
- production of proteins or fats
92
In oxidation, molecules ___ ___ electrons, and releases ____
In oxidation, molecules GIVES UP electrons, RELEASES energy
93
In reduction, molecules ___ electrons, and ____ energy
In reduction, molecules GAIN electrons and GAIN energy
94
LEO says GER (what does it stand for?)
Lose an Electron= Oxidation (LEO)
Gain an Electron= Reduction (GER)
95
What type of reaction is defined by oxidation of one molecule always accompanied by the reduction of another?
Redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction
Are +B —> A + Be-
Zn + 2HCl —> Zn2+ +
H2 + 2Cl
96
What is the study of compounds containing carbon?
Organic chemistry
97
Wha are the 4 categories of carbon compounds?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
98
What are small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone called?
Functional groups
99
What do functional groups determine?
Properties of organic molecules
100
What is polymerization and how is it formed?
Joining monomers to form polymer (Make many things from something small) & formed by dehydration synthesis (lost a water molecule in process)
101
Splitting polymer (lysis) by adding water molecule (hydro) is..
Hydrolysis
102
Carbohydrates are … (water -loving)
Hydrophilic
103
What type of shape are carbohydrates?
Hexagon
104
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of what carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (single sugar)
| All isomers of each other
105
Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk’s sugars) and maltose (grain products) are types of what carbohydrates?
Disaccharides
106
Oligosaccharides are ___ chains of monosaccharides (3 or more)
Oligosaccharides are SHORT chains of monosaccharides (3 or more)
107
Polysaccharides are ___ chains of monosaccharides (~50)
Polysaccharides are LONG chains of monosaccharides (~50)
108
What are the 3 top types of polysaccharides?
1. Glycogen -energy storage polysaccharides in animals
2. Starch - energy storage polysaccharides in plants
3. Cellulose - structural molecule of plant cell walls
109
What are hydrophobic organic molecules?
Lipids
| - less oxidized than carbohydrates, thus more cal/g
110
What are the 5 primary types of lipids in women?
1. Steroids
2. Eicosanoids
3. Phospholipids
4. Triglycerides
5. Fatty acids
111
What type os fatty acids resist enzymatic breakdown, circulate longer, and deposits in arteries?
Trans-fatty acid
112
A type of lipid made up of 3 fatty acids plus glycerol?
Triglyceride (neutral fats)
113
Triglycerides at room temp:
Solids =
Liquid =
Triglycerides at room temp:
```
Solids = fats
Liquid = oils
```
114
Phospholipids are one fatty acid replaced by ____ group
Phospholipids are one fatty acid replaced by PHOSPHATE group (structural foundation of cell membrane)
115
What type of lipids are amphiphilic?
Phospholipids
116
Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acids, function like _______ chemicals that go between cells (ex, prostaglandins)
Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acids, function like HORMONE-LIKE chemicals that go between cells (ex, prostaglandins)
117
Steroids are 4 ringed lipids, derived from _____.
Steroids are 4 ringed lipids, derived from CHOLESTEROL.
118
Cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterones, & bile acids are examples of….
Steroids
119
What is an important component of cell membranes?
Cholesterol
120
Dietary cholesterol comes from ____ products 15% diet, 85% internally synthesized
Dietary cholesterol comes from ANIMAL products 15% diet, 85% internally synthesized
121
What word refers to lipoproteins in blood?
Cholesterol
122
What is the “good” cholesterol?
HDL (high density lipoprotein - lower ratio of lipid to protein)
123
What is the “bad” cholesterol?
LDL (low density lipoprotein - high ratio of lipid to protein)
124
What is the most versatile biomolecule?
Proteins
125
Proteins are polymers of ____ ____
Proteins are polymers of amino acids (central carbon with 3 attachments, 20 kinds)
126
Desaturation is a loss of ____
Conformation/structure
127
What are the 4 protein structures?
1. Primary - sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary - pattern caused by interaction of nearby amino acids
3. Tertiary - connections between amino acids far apart along chain
4. Quaternary - two chains folded together (not very common)
128
What are 7 roles of proteins?
1. Structure
2. Communication
3. Membrane transport
4. Recognition & defense
4. Contraction (movement)
5. Cell adhesion
6. Catalyst
129
Proteins that function as biological catalysts are…
Enzymes
130
Enzymes…
- ____ activation energy
- uses lock & key mechanism
- covalent bond of substrate broken
- enzyme itself ____
- astonishing speed
- sensitive to changes in ___ or ____
Enzymes…
- LOWERS activation energy
- uses lock & key mechanism
- covalent bond of substrate broken
- enzyme itself UNCHANGED
- astonishing speed
- sensitive to changes in pH or TEMPERATURE
131
Cofactors are:
- nonprotein partners
- bind to ____ & change it’s ___
- essential to function
Cofactors are:
- nonprotein partners
- bind to ENZYME & change it’s SHAPE
- essential to function
132
Coenzymes are:
- organic cofactors derived from ___-soluable vitamins
- transfer electrons between ____
Coenzymes are:
- organic cofactors derived from WATER-soluable vitamins
- transfer electrons between ENZYMES
133
Nitrogenous base, sugar, and one or more phosphate groups are 3 components of…
Nucleotides
134
What is the body’s most important energy-transfer molecule?
ATP (adenine, ribose, phosphate group)
135
Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) hydrolyzed 3rd high-energy ____ bond
Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) hydrolyzed 3rd high-energy PHOSPHATE bond
136
Other nucleotides besides ATP
GTP (guanosine triphosphate) & cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate - “second messenger” within cell”)
137
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides and include…
DNA & RNA
